UC-NRLF 


FUPt;  i.K( 


190  i, 


LIBRARY 

CAllfORNlA 


^J^ 


--^ 


i/j^"' 


ez    /3v-   //^-  /3. 


jviejyiej^ro 


of  the 


Death  of  the  Roly  father 

pope  Leo  xxxL 


<Saork  of  OliUiani  C.  JVIartincau 

of  Hlbatiy,  New  York 

by  whom  published 

1903 


COPYRIGHT,    1903, 

BY  WILLIAM    C.    MARTINEAU, 

ALBANY,   N.   Y. 


lOm  STACK 


HALF  TONE  PLATES   MADE   BY 

EMPIRE    ENGRAVING    CO., 

ALBANY,    N.    Y. 


CONTENTS 


Frontispiece  — THE  LATE  HOLY  FATHER  POPE  LEO  XHL 

THE  DEATH  OF  LEO  XHL     By  Fev.  John  Walsh,    .       .       -       .     7-14 

"  THE  CATHOLIC  CHURCH."    By  Rev.  John  Spensley,  D.  D.,       -  15-1 8 

THE  PAPACY  IN  THE  NEW  CENTURY. 

By  Rev.  John  Talbot  Smith,  19-21 

LEO  XIIL,  HIS  WORK  AND  INFLUENCE, 

By  Most  Rev.  John  Ireland,  D.  D., 

Archbishop  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  22-35 

(Reprinted  by  special  permission  from  The  North  American  Review.    Copyrighted.) 

A  REMINISCENCE  OF  POPE  LEO.    By  Rev.  John  Spensley,  D.D.,  36-39 

Illustrations — 

THE  HIERARCHY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AT  THE 
TIME  OF  THE  DEATH  OF  THE  HOLY  FATHER  POPE 
LEO  XIIL,       ---.-.--..-  41-67 

THE  SACRED  COLLEGE  OF  CARDINALS  AT  THE  TIME 
OF  THE  DEATH  OF  THE  HOLY  FATHER  POPE  LEO 
XIIL, 69-87 


201 


vi:n^cenzo  gioacchino  pecci, 

His  Holiness  Pope  L/EO  XFII. 

BoHN  March  3d,  1810. 

Ordained  Priest  December  31st,  183T. 

Consecrated  Archbishop  February  17th,  1 843. 

Phocl,aimed  Cardinal  1853. 

Crowned  Pope  March  3d,  1878. 

Died  .Tttly  50th,  1903. 


THE   LATE   HOLY    FATHER   POPE   LEO    XIII. 


THE    DEATH    OF    LEO    XHI. 

BY 

RBV.  JOHN  WALSH. 


''PHE  death  of  Pope  Leo  XII [.  is  an  event  which  may  be  observed  from  a 
i-  double  view-point  — that  of  the  Papacy  in  general,  and  as  marking  the 
close  of  his  own  individual  life.  In  this  sense  it  is  the  end  of  a  volume 
and  of  a  chapter.  It  registers  an  epoch  and  an  event.  In  the  wider  horizon 
of  the   Papacy  its  significancy    is    his- 

toric.  In  the  narrow-  er  range  of  his  own 

career,  prolonged  ex-  ceptionally    as  that 

career  was,  and  un-  usually  fruitful,  and 

viewed  solely  in  rela-  ,^^^  ^^^^  to  his  individual 

qualities  and  achieve-  fVlPH^^^S  ments,  his  death  falls 

into  the  category  of  •%     ^■■P  untoward  and  con- 

spicuous     current  jSk^^^m  events,  in  which  the 

personal  significancy  ^^H^Hi  is  more  marked  than 

the   historic,  though       'taf^M^^mPB^^^^  no    matter  how  ob- 

served,   the    historic       ^^^^^^v^^g^^^^  element  is  never  en- 

The    Papacy    is  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^W  not  only  a  fact,  but 

a  dynasty.  Not  only  ^^^^^^^^^^^^  does    it    guide    and 

rule  — it    bears    a  ^^^^^^^^^  charmed    life.      Its 

continuity    has    no  parallel   in    modern 

government  or  civic  ^^^-  J°^,^  walsh,  machinery.      The 

^     .  .  ST.     PETBR'S    CHURCH,  -^ 

reigning  royalties,  troy,  n.  y.  despots  and  democ- 

racies are  only  mush-  rooms   of  yesterday 

contrasted  with  the  indestructible  vitality  of  the  Papacy.  In  the  whole 
range  of  history,  ancient  and  modern,  the  only  dynasty  that  approaches  it  is 
the  unique  record  of  Pharaonic  rule  in  Egypt.  When  judged  by  the  standards 
of  human  institutions  both  the  permanency  and  personnel  of  the  Papacj' 
provoke  wonderment  and  admiration.  If  studied  and  accepted  as  an  essen- 
tial element  of  a  divine  Church  on  which  it  is  built  and  with  which  it  blends 
as  the  living  voice  and  principle  of  authority,  it  is  hard  to  conceive  how  it 
can  be  less  stable  and  indestructible  than  the  Church  itself. 


When  Leo  XIII.  by  the  voice  of  the  Conclave  was  chosen  the  successor 
of  Pius  IX.,  he  became  invested  with  the  dignity  and  authority  of  a 
member  of  this  Papal  dynasty.  His  death  forges  another  link  in  the  un- 
broken Papal  chain,  wedding  the  present  to  the  past  of  Hildebrand,  Leo  the 
Great,  and  on  through  each  wearer  of  the  tiara,  distinguished  and  undis- 
tinguished to  the  Prince  of  the  Apostles  and  to  Christ.  His  pontificate  of 
five  and  twenty  years  carries  the  whole  weight— the  hopes  and  prospects, 
triumphs  and  failures  of  the  Catholic  Church.  He  is  its  chief  Spokesman  — 
its  only  recognized  ruler.  About  his  throne  gather  the  enthusiasms,  the 
energies,  the  hopes  and  prayers  of  Catholic  devotion  and  loyalty  and  the 
bitterness  and  contention  of  opposing  forces.  He  must  inspire  and  direct 
the  one ;  he  will  join  issue  with  the  other  with  the  weapons  of  patience  and 
courage  and  wise  diplomacy.  In  his  brief  reign — for  brief  it  is  as  compared 
with  the  endless  life  of  the  Church  —  he  is  an  epitome  of  the  Church's 
history.  He  inaugurates  a  new  phase  of  Papal  sovereignty  and  is  re- 
vealed to  the  world  with  the  features  of  a  novel  kind  of  Pope.  After 
many  centuries  his  is  the  first  pontificate  in  its  entirety  w^hich  is  bereft  of 
temporal  dominion  and  burdened  with  the  prerogative  of  papal  infallibility. 
In  the  latter  years  of  his  reign  Pius  IX.  was  made  to  feel  the  lawless  hand 
of  the  despoiler  and  the  Vatican  Council  declared  his  infallibility;  but  be- 
tween 1846  and  1870  he  commanded  all  the  prestige  and  anxieties  of  a 
temporal  ruler  and  his  infallibility  was  an  open  question.  To  Leo  XIII. 
has  been  reserved  the  fate  of  a  Pope  w^ho  from  his  election  to  his  death  has 
had  no  subjects  except  spiritual  ones — has  exercised  no  power  save  the 
spiritual  and  moral,  and  to  whom  to  deny  inerrancy  in  the  domain  of  faith 
and  morals  was  a  sin  involving  the  shipwreck  of  faith.  In  his  case  abridg- 
ment in  civic  sovereignty  is  offset  by  enlargement  in  spiritual  endowment. 
This  statement  of  fact  emphasizes  Leo  XIIL  as  a  new  type  of  Pope  in  our 
modern  years,  reproducing  only  some  of  the  lineaments  of  his  predecessors 
and  in  special  conditions  creating  a  peculiar  Papal  personality  unique  and 
definite. 

If  he  is  the  pioneer  of  a  series,  the  question  how  long  the  type  must 
serve  the  norma  of  other  Popes  can  only  be  answered  by  the  continuance  of 
present  conditions.  Pending  the  removal  or  adjustment  of  these  obstructive 
agencies  the  Papal  cause  does  not  seem  so  hopeless  after  the  death  of  Leo 
XIIL  as  it  was  at  the  death  of  Pius  IX.  Wider  and  wider,  deeper  and 
deeper  is  the  conviction  growing  that  as  a  religious  and  economic  force  the 
Catholic  Church  is  needed  to  save  the  social  fabric  from  rent  or  strain. 
Against  skepticism  on  the  one  hand  and  socialism  on  the  other  it  builds  the 
sanest  and  least  assailable  barriers. 

These  are  the  thoughts  that  come  to  the  surface  from  a  brief  sur- 
vey of  the  death  of  Leo  XIIL  as  it  impinges  on  the  Papacy  and  is  related 
to  it. 

8 


II. 

In  the  more  restricted  view  of  the  finish  and  close  of  a  personal  career  " 
the  suggestions  are  of  a  different  order  and  tinged  with  the  combined  hues 
of  the  man  and  his  labors. 

An  expressive  and  condensed  summary  of  the  life  of  Leo  XIII.  would 
embody  two  activities— labor  and  prayer.  His  morning  hours  were  divi- 
ded between  religious  exercises  and  the  duties  of  Church  administration. 
From  his  daily  mass  and  meditation  he  imbibed  the  wisdom  and  courage 
to  face  and  solve  the  multitudinous  issues  streaming  into  him  from  his  vast 
worldwide  spiritual  kingdom.  His  only  recreation  was  a  walk  or  drive 
in  the  gardens  of  the  Vatican.  For  a  quarter  of  a  century  his  feet  never 
crossed  the  threshold  of  his  palace  except  to  enter  his  great  Cathedral  or 
pass  into  the  adjacent  park.  From  his  living  apartments  his  vision  could 
look  across  his  own  city  and  gather  into  its  sweep  Quirinal,  Colosseum  and 
Pincian  hills,  with  the  Tiber  and  the  Castle  of  San  Angelo,  but  foot  never 
essayed  to  follow  the  daring  of  his  eye.  His  successor's  verdict  on  his  in- 
voluntary  isolation  from  the  world  of  Rome  and  Italy  is  expressed  tersely 
by  the  remark,  "Now  I  know  how  Samson  must  have  felt."  Leo  XIIL 
chafed  endlessly  within  the  limitations  of  his  enforced  seclusion.  To  his 
brother  Guiseppe,  who  asked  him  if  in  accepting  the  Papacy  he  were  not 
consigning  himself  to  a  living  tomb,  he  replied,  "  I  am  climbing  Calvary." 
The  head  that  bore  the  triple  tiara  found  that  it  was  built  on  a  crown  of 
thorns. 

It  is  no  exaggeration  to  record  that  the  most  pathetic  and  tenderlv 
appealing  phase  of  the  dead  Pope  and  his  living  successor  is  voiced  by  the 
epithet,  "august  Prisoner  of  the  Vatican."  Contemporary  sovereignty  or 
lack  of  it  furnishes  no  parallel  to  this  abnormal  condition.  Whilst  it  is  the 
result  of  unjustifiable  invasion  and  spoliation  it  is  also  the  only  practical 
protest  against  it.  Special  correspondents  and  political  pamphleteers  seek 
amusement  in  designating  this  Papal  imprisonment  within  Vatican  pre- 
cincts as  senile  pique  with  inevitable  political  movements  and  national 
aspirations,  or  a  fiction  and  trick  of  petty  hatred  to  the  Italian  govern- 
ment. The  hollowness  and  pretense  of  this  declaration  is  evidenced  by  the 
studied  unwillingness  of  its  promoters  to  approach  the  whole  subject  of 
Papal  and  Italian  sovereignty  with  decent  candor  and  intelligence,  and  their 
insincerity  is  further  supplemented  by  the  hostile  attitude  of  official  Italy 
toward  the  Holy  See  and  its  feebleness  to  preserve  order  in  the  streets  of  its 
own  capital  whenever  it  pleases  anti-papaliststo  assert  their  right  to  havoc 
or  rowdyism. 

From  the  date  of  his  accession  to  the  end  of  his  life  Leo  XIII.  was  a 
strenuous,  untiring  advocate  of  the  need  of  territorial  sovereignty  as  a 
guarantee  of  the  independence  of  the  Holy  See.  He  was  frequent  and  em- 
phatic in  this  assertion.     Within  one  year  of  his  coronation  he  thus  threw 

9 


down  the  gage  of  battle :  "  That  no  occasion  of  error  may  arise,  it  is  of  the 
utmost  importance  to  remind  Catholics  that  the  supreme  authority  of  the 
Church  which  was  divinely  conferred  on  Peter  and  his  successors  to  keep 
the  whole  family  of  Christ  in  the  faith  and  conduct  them  to  the  eternal 
happiness  of  Heaven  must,  according  to  the  appointment  of  Christ  himself, 
be  exercised  with  the  fullest  freedom;  and  to  insure  this  freedom  in  every 
part  of  the  world,  an  all- wise  Providence  ordained  that  after  the  dangers 
and  troubles  of  the  early  period  of  the  Church,  a  civil  princedom  should  be 
attached  to  the  Roman  Church  and  preserved  intact  through  a  long  series 
of  ages  amidst  the  changes  of  revolutions  and  the  wreck  of  kingdoms.  For 
this  weighty  reason  and  not  as  we  have  often  said,  impelled  by  ambition 
or  the  lust  of  power  the  Roman  Pontiffs  have  ever  felt  it  their  sacred  duty 
to  defend  this  civic  sovereignty  from  violation  or  disturbance  and  to  pre- 
serve intact  the  rights  of  the  Roman  Church ;  and  we  ourselves,  following 
the  example  of  our  predecessors,  have  not  failed,  nor  will  we  ever  fail,  to 
assert  and  vindicate  those  rights." 

In  all  the  current  speculations  touching  the  probabilities  of  a  new 
modus  Vivendi  between  the  Holy  See  and  the  Italian  government,  some 
light  may  be  shed  on  the  vexed  problem  by  calm  reflection  on  the  tone  and 
accents  of  this  battle  cry  of  Leo  XIII.  Courtesies  and  cordialities  are  de- 
sirable in  their  way,  but  when  they  spell  nominal  or  real  spiritual  servitude 
they  are  not  mispelled  when  labelled  treasons. 

III. 

A  transcendant  attribute  of  the  dead  Pope  was  his  vivid,  deep-seated 
conviction  of  the  reality  of  the  Church  and  of  the  successor  of  St.  Peter  as 
its  head  and  mouth-piece.  If  the  Church  is  real  it  must  have  a  work  to  do, 
and  if  the  Pope  is  its  voice  and  brain,  on  him  lies  the  duty  of  applying  and 
directing  its  influence.  Leo  XIII,  appreciated  to  the  fullest  measure  the 
quality  of  the  Church's  activity  and  he  never  flinched  from  the  labor  of 
making  it  efiective  and  fruit-bearing.  His  manhood  was  reached  in  the 
revolution  of  1848,  when  the  Italian  freebooters  had  betrayed  Pius  IX.  and 
forced  him  into  exile  and  then  into  a  reactionary  policy  to  checkmate  their 
subversive  schemes.  From  that  day  to  this  the  heirs  of  those  conspirators 
have  continued  with  most  obstinate  pertinacity  the  quest  after  a  vague, 
crude  liberalism,  which,  in  simplest  phrase  is  synonomous  with  a  supression 
of  authority,  civic  and  spiritual.  The  crying  sin  of  the  clique  is  their  ignor- 
ance of  the  purpose  and  nature  of  authority.  To  restrain  their  excesses 
and  prompt  sane  thinking  Leo  XIII.  made  the  divine  authority  of  the 
Church  the  burden  of  his  oft-repeated  messages. 

Would  the  world  but  recognize  the  Holy  See  the  world  might  legiti- 
mately settle  its  disputes  on  dynastic  and  economic  questions.  To  reject 
the  Holy  See  was  to  inject  into  the  social  ferment  an  additional  element  of 

10 


discord  and  apprehension.  His  first  Encyclical  of  Easter  Day,  1878,  a  few 
weeks  after  his  enthronement,  contained  a  dignified  and  calm  assertion  of 
the  claim  of  the  Church  as  a  teacher  demanding  the  obedience  of  all 
Christians.  Civil  society,  he  teaches,  can  neither  exist  long  nor  prosper- 
ously unless  it  acknowledges  the  eternal  principles  of  truth  and  the  immut- 
able laws  of  justice  and  rectitude.  Twenty  years  later,  aroused  by  the 
aggressive  activity  of  Italian  socialism,  he  assures  his  countrymen  that  the 
papacy,  as  it  was  in  the  past,  the  guide,  defence  and  safety  of  Catholics,  so 
in  the  future  it  will  not  betray  them  but  will  continue  "to  defend  and  assist 
you  in  your  difficulties  and  to  love  you  in  your  trial  and  oppression."  In 
the  letter  to  the  people  of  England  he  speaks  of  "the  centre  of  Christian 
unity  divinely  constituted  in  the  Roman  Bishops."  With  suggestive  itera- 
tion in  his  published  utterances  he  implores  "  nations  and  their  rulers,"  for 
the  sake  of  their  own  safety  and  that  of  the  state,  to  "  welcome  and  obey  " 
the  teaching  of  that  Church  which  has  served  so  well  in  furthering  the  pros- 
perity of  nations. 

Whether  in  sympathy  or  in  opposition  to  this  attitude,  it  is  due  his 
memory  to  spread  it  on  the  minutes.  No  estimate  of  his  character  or 
career  is  possible  without  a  knowledge  of  it.  Much  of  the  undeserved 
obloquy  heaped  on  the  name  of  Pius  IX.  by  Whittier's  poems,  "To  Pius 
IX."  and  "The  Dream  of  Pio  Nono"  had  no  better  justification  than  this 
same  paternal  solicitude  adjuring  the  Italian  revolutionists  to  return  to 
the  fold  and  guidance  of  the  Church.  Whatever  the  verdict  of  the  non- 
Catholic  world  on  the  administrative  reforms  and  checks  of  Pius  IX.  the 
same  should  be  meted  out  to  Leo  XIII.  And  yet  in  all  sincerity  and  fair 
dealing  there  is  not  a  scrap  of  evidence  to  prove  that  Pio  Nono's  successor 
in  any  year  of  his  Pontificate  was  arrayed  against  modern  liberties  or 
attempted  to  enslave  the  consciences  of  men. 

Every  sane  man  with  a  scintilla  of  reason  and  religious  feeling,  no 
matter  his  denominational  affinities,  recognizes  that  a  line  is  traced  some- 
where in  the  divine  law  beyond  which  reasonable  liberty  becomes  license. 
The  late  Pope  felt  with  the  keenest  intensity  that  the  Catholic  Church  had 
the  right  to  define  such  a  limit,  and  if  the  world  were  wise  it  would  acknow- 
ledge this  right.  In  the  exercise  of  his  supervision  over  men  and  their 
affairs  whilst  there  is  abundant  evidence  of  firm  grasp  and  brave  denuncia- 
tion and  honest  protestation,  there  is  the  most  charming  absence  of 
pettiness,  of  merely  personal  traits,  of  ill- temper  and  wounded  pride.  In 
offering  the  hand  of  fellowship  to  non-Catholic  nations  it  was  this  same 
abiding  faith  in  a  divine  church  as  an  illumination  and  saviour  that 
prompted  the  courtesy. 

IV. 

Strangely  blending  with  this  stern,  uncompromising  exercise  of  his 
Pontifical  authority  in  condemning  false  teachings  and  unsound  theories, 

11 


whether  of  speculative  or  practical  import,  was  another  phase  which  sought 
to  conciliate  and  pacify  the  enemies  of  the  Church.  This  feature  of  his 
administration  was  a  wonder  and  an  anxiety  to  many  narrow-minded, 
ultra  conservative  members  of  the  Church.  They  looked  on  with  a  trem- 
bling concern  and  wondered  what  the  next  move  of  this  fertile,  audacious 
mind  would  be.  It  is  matter  of  record  that  in  certain  quarters  lamps  were 
lighted  and  novenas  devoutly  recited  to  preserve  the  infallible  Pope  from  a 
calamitous  blunder.  To  these  simple  souls  he  seemed  walking  perilously 
near  the  verge  of  official  errancy. 

The  innocent  and  tremulous  suspicion  was  the  offspring  of  narrow 
piety  and  ignorance  of  the  resourcefulness  and  wondrous  mental  horizon  of 
this  exceptionally  gifted  Pope.  Because  he  sailed  under  the  compass  of 
truth  he  was  always  sure  of  his  bearings.  Although  his  published  letters 
demonstrate  a  mental  equipment  keenly  analytic  they  betoken  more  con- 
vincingly a  synthetic  capacity.  He  had  no  merely  fragmentary  apprehen- 
sions of  truth.  The  whole  field  of  truth  and  church  polity  lay  under  his 
vision  glorified  with  the  radiance  of  a  summer  sun,  and  every  detail  of  his 
great  spiritual  inheritance  was  photographed  in  the  superlatively  sensitive 
camera  of  his  intellect  and  memory.  Its  points  of  contact  with  political 
systems,  with  the  world  and  worldliness,  with  error,  with  misdirected  zeal, 
with  questionable  habits  of  compromise,  with  every  aspect  of  the  lives  of 
its  subjects,  were  seen  not  merely  in  profile  and  perspective  but  grasped  as 
a  solid,  compacted  totality. 

When  after  many  tortuous  w^anderings  Prince  Bismarck  reached  his 
Canossa  and  the  Pope  had  his  triumph,  in  the  exultant  hour  of  his  victory 
he  won  the  good  will  of  a  vanquished  enemy  and  secured  the  fruits  of  a 
battle  won  by  making  concessions.  When  the  superb  Cardinal  of  the  White 
Fathers,  Lavigerie,  gave  the  cue,  he  proclaimed  in  France,  to  the  dismay  of 
many,  the  Church's  acquiescence  in  a  form  of  government  inseparably 
linked  in  that  country  with  revolution  and  religious  persecution.  In  the 
recent  onslaught  on  French  religious  he  was  content  with  a  word  of 
sympathy  and  an  exhortation  to  courage,  but  by  an  unexampled  restraint 
he  held  aloof  from  the  close  grapple  of  anathema  and  excommunication  with 
the  obvious  hope  that  socialistic  France  would  refrain  from  extremes. 
Monastic  and  conventual  rights  are  undebatable.  An  energetic  assertion 
of  them  might  result  in  wholesale  confiscation  and  national  apostacy. 
These  were  contingencies  clearly  possible  to  him.  With  a  firm  and  unerring 
hand  has  he  indicated  the  boundaries,  resources  and  points  of  exposure  of 
the  commanding  issue  of  education  and  its  relations  to  the  unreligious  State 
and  how  to  make  concessions  to  avoid  a  clash. 

When  dealing  with  science  or  biblical  criticism,  labor  or  social  democ- 
racy, non-Catholic  error  or  economics,  he  has  avoided  one-sided,  partisan 
views,  and  besides  the  consummate  tact  of  his  address,  he  has  expressed 

12 


himself  on  each  with  surprising  candor  and  freely  admitted  truths  and  half 
truths  wherever  he  found  them.  Each  situation  was  so  adroitly  met  — 
each  question  was  so  aptly  answered  —  there  was  so  much  tact  and  con- 
sistency, cleverness  and  sureness  in  this  statesman-Pontiff  that  the  Italians 
coined  a  sobriquet  for  him  and  called  him  Papa-Machiavelli  to  express  their 
appreciation  of  the  diplomatic  address  which  he  combined  with  the  sub- 
limest  unselfishness  and  the  highest  spiritual  ideals.  All  the  time,  however, 
it  was  his  exalted  character  more  than  his  consummate  ability  that  gave 
his  word  weight  in  the  counsels  of  men.  The  **  Papa ,"  prefix  more  than  the 
"  Machiavelli "  suflfix  determines  his  place  in  the  nobility  of  diplomacy. 

To  those  fortunate  enough  to  have  seen  him  in  his  Papal  years  his 
memory  will  be  for  ever  present.  The  preternaturally  pale  face,  dark  eyes, 
high  tenor  voice  in  speech,  a  countenance  of  combined  intellect  and  sweet- 
ness and  slender,  erect  form,  presented  him  in  his  earlier  years  as  an  im- 
pressive personage.  Later,  his  bowed  form  and  shuffling  gait,  with  the 
extreme  attenuation  of  body  and  face  showed  too  clearly  the  ravages  of  age, 
though  mind  and  voice  retained  their  intelligence  and  resonance.  "The 
alabaster  vase  lighted  from  within"  had  with  the  passing  years  acquired  a 
more  ethereal  transparency,  until  to  those  admitted  to  the  audiences  in  the 
Vatican,  and  more  effectively,  to  those  who  witnessed  him  in 'Papal  cere- 
monies in  St.  Peter's,  he  seemed  almost  spectral  or  like  a  being  more 
spiritual  than  material,  whose  vital  functions  were  subject  more  to  the 
laws  of  soul  than  the  limitations  of  flesh.  So  prolonged  was  his  life  and 
undiminished  his  intellectual  vigor  for  all  the  exacting  demands  of  his  great 
office  that  the  last  years  of  his  Pontificate  assumed  a  miraculous  character, 
as  if  Providence  by  a  special  custody  gave  him  length  of  years  and  capacity 
for  work  for  some  hidden  purpose. 

In  the  wide  sweep  of  his  official  life  —  the  life  at  every  moment  exposed 
to  the  burning  sun-glass  of  public  criticism  and  observation,  demanding  the 
most  versatile  accomplishments  and  the  most  elastic  and  pliable  capacity 
to  discharge  its  bewildering  variety  of  duties,  Leo  XIIL  was  vigilant, 
industrious  and  eminently  satisfying,  when  judged  by  the  most  exacting 
standards.  Because  this  aspect  of  his  career  was  always  so  conspicuous 
any  fair  and  true  measurement  of  him  must  include  a  comprehensive  com- 
ment on  his  official  and  Papal  achievements  as  distinct  from  his  pureh' 
personal  endowments. 

In  the  more  circumscribed  survey  of  his  individual  character  the  unpre- 
judiced verdict  is  equally  favorable  and  edifying.  Not  only  was  he  con- 
fessedly great  but  unequivocally  good.  Greatness  without  goodness  in  a 
Pope  is  a  hollow,  pretentious  quality.  The  Head  of  a  Church  that  is  holy 
and  always  making  for  holiness  in  body  and  members  must  be  command- 
ingly,  conspicuously  virtuous.  Mere  place,  mere  power,  mere  ceremonial 
pageantry,  mere  intellect  would  be  beggarly  equipment  for  a  Pope  unless 

13 


engrafted  on  faith,  hope  and  personal  virtue.  The  members  of  other 
dynasties  may  cultivate  greed,  ambition  and  power  at  the  expense  of  virtue 
and  still  claim  the  bauble  of  greatness.  The  very  substance  and  essence  of 
papal  supremacy  lies  in  papal  integrity  and  uprightness,  and  where  these 
requisites  are  wanting  to  the  wearers  of  the  tiara  they  may  be  acclaimed 
and  exploited  as  notable  earthly  rulers — never  deserving  Popes.  It  is  the 
glory  of  Leo.  XIII.  and  our  encouragement  and  comfort  that  he  was  a 
consistent  Pope  who  sought  his  ideals  and  inspirations  in  the  highest, 
widest  reaches  of  exalted  virtue  and  the  serenest,  truest  piety. 

He  not  only  ruled  and  guided,  he  also  prayed  and  fasted.  He  not 
only  warned  his  subjects  against  dangers  to  their  faith  and  rectitude, 
he  also  himself  profited  by  the  same  warnings.  In  the  sphere  of  human 
frailty  he  relied  for  strength  on  the  same  sources  of  power  and  re- 
sistance as  the  humblest  of  his  flock  and  pretended  to  no  immunity  from 
sin  except  as  he  was  protected  by  his  own  vigilance  and  the  grace  of  God. 
Not  on\j  did  he  command,  he  knew  also  how  to  obey.  When  he  taught  and 
interpreted  the  divine  commands,  he  applied  them  also  to  his  own  conduct. 

It  comforts  and  consoles  us  all  to  know  that  our  deceased  Pontifl"  or 
Father  was  known  and  esteemed  by  the  non-Catholic  world.  Praise  for 
him  has  been  world-wide.  No  Pope's  death  was  ever  before  so  universally 
mourned.  On  no  Pope's  bier  have  so  many  garlands  of  sympathy  and 
admiration  been  placed  by  non-Catholic  hands.  All  the  nations  have  united 
in  calling  him  good.  The  effiect  of  this  gracious  courtesy  cannot  be  exag- 
gerated. It  will  allay  prejudice,  increase  respect  for  the  Church,  focus  a 
juster  standard  of  research  and  observation  on  the  whole  question  of  the 
papacy  and  reflect  on  the  position  and  standing  of  Catholics  everywhere. 
Whilst  ourPontiff"'s  death  is  a  prophecy  of  the  future,  it  is  also  a  touchstone 
of  Catholic  behavior.  As  our  deceased  Father  lifted  us  up  to  a  place  of 
honor  before  men  by  his  peerless  intellect  and  simple  piety,  the  most  fitting 
tribute  to  his  memory  will  be  to  make  good  title  to  our  place  b}--  an  in- 
telligent study  of  divine  truths  and  an  earnest,  brave  application  of  divine 
commands  to  every  detail  of  personal  behavior. 


14 


"THE    CATHOLIC    CHURCH.' 


BY 


REV.  JOHN  SFBNSLEY,  D.  D. 


w 


'HAT  is  the  Catholic  Church?    An  exhaustive  reply  to  that  question, 
with  the  analysis  of  her  attributes,  would  require  a  work  consisting 
of  several  volumes.    Ignatius  calls  the  Church,  "The  multitude  or 
congregation  that  is  in  God."    Origen  says :    "The  Church  is  the  Body  of 


Christ,  animated  by 
members  being  all 
Cyprian  calls  the 
of  all  the  children  of 
with  the  ark  of  Noah 
would  be  saved 
Irenaeus  says:  "This 
God,  which  God  the 
by  Himself*  *  *  * 
out  the  world,  sown 
their  followers,  hold 
faith  in  the  Trinity, 
demption  and  Gene- 
head  is  Christ.  It  is 
mated  by  one  spirit, 
ing  one  and  the  same 
same  way  of  salva- 
When  we  desire 
of  an  individual, 


REV.   JOHN    SPENSLEY,    D.  D. 

CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY, 

WASHINGTON,   D.    C. 


the  Son  of  God,  the 
who  believe  in  Him." 
Church  the  Mother 
God ;  compares  it 
in  which  all  who 
should  take  refuge, 
is  the  synagogue  of 
Son  has  assembled 
It  is  spread  through- 
by  the  Apostles  and 
ing  from  them  one 
Incarnation,  Re- 
ral  Judgment.  Its 
a  visible  body  ani- 
e  very  where  preach- 
faith,  one  and  the 
tion." 

to  know  the  identity 
when    we  wish  to 


know  with  what  right  he  comes  amongst  us,  we  look  up  his  ancestry. 

And  as  we  have  a  way  of  measuring  all  things,  both  human  and  divine, 
by  finite  rules,  we  may  apply  the  same  criterion  to  the  Church. 

The  process  does  not  consume  much  time.  In  following  up  a  genealogy 
of  human  beings  after  an  apparently  endless  succession  we  would 
finally  come  to  :"  *  *  *  *  *  and  Seth  was  of  Adam  and  Adam  was  of 
God."    In  tracing  the  genealogy  of  the  Church,  however,  we  come  directly 


15 


to :  The  Church  was  of  Christ,  and  Christ  was  of  God.  Therefore  we 
might  say,  even  more  briefly:  "  The  Church  was  of  God."  For  Christ  was 
God,  begotten  by  the  Father.  The  Church,  then,  comes  to  us  with  the 
power  and  authority  of  a  royal  pedigree.  And  while  she  was  conceived  in 
time,  being  therefore  temporal,  she  is  but  one  degree  removed  from  the 
eternal. 

The  Second  Person  of  the  Blessed  Trinity  came  from  Heaven  to  save 
mankind.  He  came  with  the  authority  and  the  power  of  God,  although  he 
came  in  the  shape  and  nature  of  mortal  man.  For  three  and  thirty  years 
he  dwelt  upon  earth.  Only  three  of  those  years  were  spent  in  public  preach- 
ing. Was  the  gospel  of  peace  and  reconciliation  to  be  heard  merely  by  those 
who  were  fortunate  enough  to  be  within  reach  of  this  divine  teacher  ?  That 
were  hardly  just  in  a  God  who  loves  all  His  creatures.  But  even  if  others 
were  to  be  reached  by  this  message  from  on  high,  was  it  to  come  to  them 
by  hearsay,  by  report  subject  to  the  changes  of  time,  as  might  come  detailed 
accounts  of  the  Mithradatic  wars  ?  No,  indeed !  The  "faith  once  delivered 
to  the  saints"  was  to  be  the  definite  heritage  of  all  who  should  turn  to 
Christ. 

They  were  not  to  be  left  in  doubt  as  to  whether  the  doctrines  they 
heard  were  the  same  as  those  to  which  their  spiritual  forefathers  gave 
assent  when  preached  in  the  land  of  Juda.  Christ  did  not  live  for  that 
period  alone ;  He  lived  for  all  time.  The  process  of  time,  however,  tends  to 
the  incrustation  of  original  truths  with  layers  of  fiction.  If,  then,  He 
wished  His  doctrine  to  persevere  in  its  pristine  purity.  He  must  either 
remain  on  earth  Himself  or  else  leave  a  teaching  power  which  should  speak 
in  His  name  and  with  His  voice.  He  Himself  did  not  remain.  Did  He  leave 
such  a  teaching  power  ?    He  did. 

There  were  twelve  men  whom  He  chose  to  be,  in  an  especial  manner. 
His  representatives.  And  to  these  he  said :  "As  the  Father  hath  sent  me, 
I  also  send  you."  "Going,  therefore,  teach  all  nations,  teaching  them  to 
observe  all  things,  whatsoever  I  have  commanded  you."  "Preach  the 
gospel  to  every  creature."  "Ye  shall  be  witnesses  unto  me  in  Jerusalem, 
and  in  all  Judea  and  Samaria,  and  even  to  the  uttermost  parts  of  the 
earth."  "  Whosoever  will  not  receive  you  nor  hearyour  words,  going  forth 
from  that  house  or  city,  shake  the  dust  from  your  feet.  Amen,  I  say  to 
you,  it  shall  be  more  tolerable  for  the  land  of  Sodom  and  Gomorrha  in  the 
day  of  judgment  than  for  that  city."  "He  that  believeth  shall  be  saved; 
he  that  believeth  not  shall  be  condemned."  "He  that  heareth  you  heareth 
Me ;  he  that  despisethyou  despiseth  Me,  and  he  that  despiseth  Medespiseth 
Him  that  sent  Me." 

Strong  words,  these  I  Yet  the  New  Testament  is  filled  with  such.  But, 
you  may  say,  granting  the  force  of  these  expressions,  it  only  proves  that 
power  and  authority  were  given  to  those  who  carried  on  the  work  of 

16 


Christ  immediately  after  Him.  No,  for  in  the  twenty-eighth  chapter  of  St. 
Matthew  we  find  these  words  in  their  commission:  "And  behold  I  am 
with  yon  all  days,  even  to  the  consummation  of  the  world."  With  the 
death  of  the  Apostles  the  world  was  not  consummated,  so  that  the  obvious 
meaning  is  that  this  presence  and  assistance  of  Christ  should  be  with  the 
Apostles  — and  their  successors— till  time  should  be  no  more. 

**  Cast  me  not  away  from  Thy  face ;  and  take  not  Thy  holy  spirit  from 
me."  And  He  said :  "  My  presence  shall  go  with  thee,  and  I  will  give  thee 
rest."  In  the  New  Testament  is  the  fulfilling  thereof :  "And  behold  I  am 
with  you  all  days,  even  to  the  consummation  of  the  world." 

The  Church,  then,  is  the  mouthpiece  of  God,  speaking  with  the  authority 
and  under  the  infallible  direction  of  God.  This,  to  be  sure,  does  not  prevent 
individual  members  or  even  leaders  of  the  Church  from  falling  into  sin  or 
doctrinal  error,  but  it  means  that  when  the  Church  speaks  as  representing 
Christ  on  questions  of  faith  and  morals,  she  speaks  "as  one  having  power," 
and  with  infallible  truth. 

There  is  a  bluntness  and  directness  in  her  speech,  when  treating  of  the 
things  of  God,  which  means  something.  She  does  not  temporize  or  use  the 
arts  of  diplomacy  in  dealing  with  questions  of  faith;  she  lays  down  the  law 
and  speaks  with  the  confidence  of  authority.  She  is  at  home  with  her 
subject ;  and  while  in  affairs  of  merely  human  law  she  may  conform  with 
existing  circumstances,  when  the  domain  of  divine  law  is  entered  she  is 
regardless  of  consequences  and  cares  only  to  present  the  truth  as  God  pre- 
sented it  of  old  by  the  mouth  of  His  prophets. 

It  is  a  pity  that  expression  "the  thunders  of  the  Vatican"  has  become 
so  trite,  for  when  the  voice  of  the  Church,  on  questions  of  faith,  is  heard 
from  the  Vatican  Hill,  its  tones  might  be  compared,  not  inaptly,  with  those 
which  proclaimed  the  law  in  the  majesty  of  Mount  Sinai. 

God  does  things  in  a  magnificent  manner.  He  does  not  conform  with 
our  standards  of  prudence  or  expediency.  He  usually  acts  in  ways  contrary 
to  our  laws  and  points  of  view.  He  even  calls  upon  Himself  the  ridicule  of 
the  unwise,  by  allowing  the  blasphemer  and  the  unrighteous  to  flourish, 
while  the  just  man  is  undone  by  his  own  perfection. 

God  deals  not  merely  with  time  and  localities  but  with  eternity  and 
infinity,  and  works  out  the  decrees  of  justice  in  harmony  with  the  universe 
rather  than  with  the  mind  of  man.  He  recks  not  of  temporal,  earthly 
consequences. 

And  so  with  His  Church.  When  teaching  mankind  the  truths  of 
eternity  she  is  not  deterred  by  the  hazards  of  time.  She  enunciates  a  divine 
revelation  with  magnificent  recklessness  and  cares  not  tho'  a  kingdom  maj- 
fall.  She  goes  into  exile  proclaiming  the  truth,  and  from  the  free  air  of  the 
wilderness  her  voice  rings  out  with  a  clearness  not  dulled  by  the  atmos- 
phere of  courts. 

17 


God  be  praised,  that  in  this  world  of  ceaseless  doubt  and  questioning 
He  has  left  something  to  which  the  mind  can  cling  with  certitude !  Science, 
the  handmaid  of  religion,  although  a  great  uplifter  of  the  human  race, 
blunders  woefully  at  times.  She  accomplishes  much,  but  she  commits  us, 
occasionally,  to  ludicrous  absurdities.  The  discoveries  of  to-day  make  us 
smile  at  the  sage  of  yesterday,  with  explanations  that  we  did  not  seriously 
agree  with  him.  Substances  are  just  coming  to  light  that  upset  the  theories 
of  generations —  "  but  the  truth  of  the  Lord  endureth  forever." 

Since  the  heart  has  its  postulates  as  well  as  the  head ;  the  will,  as  well 
as  the  intellect,  the  Creator  speaks  to  us  in  a  general  way  through  the 
wonders  of  the  soul,  and  of  the  natural  world  around  us.  The  Good,  the 
Beautiful,  and  the  True  lead  us  by  a  process  of  analogy  to  Eternal  Good- 
ness and  Beauty  and  Truth.  We  travel  by  pleasant,  tho'  indirect,  paths 
"through  nature  to  nature's  God."  But  when  we  look  for  a  direct  road, 
when  we  ask  for  a  definite  teaching  on  a  particular  question,  the  author- 
itative word  of  God,  we  turn  to  that  Church  to  which  was  given  the 
promise :  "  I  will  ask  the  Father  and  He  shall  give  you  another  Paraclete. 
*****  But  when  He  the  Spirit  of  Truth  shall  come,  He  shall  teach 
you  all  truth."    "  He  that  heareth  you,  heareth  Me." 

In  questions  of  civil  law  the  citizen  of  our  great  country  goes  for  the 
final  decision,  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  So,  in  questions 
of  divine  law,  the  citizen  of  the  Kingdom  of  God  goes  to  the  Church,  as  to 
the  court  of  last  appeal;  and  he  knows,  above  and  beyond  all,  that  the 
decision  given  there  will  be  ratified  in  Heaven.  "  What  you  shall  bind  on 
earth,  shall  be  bound  also  in  Heaven ;  what  you  shall  loose  on  earth,  shall 
be  loosed  also  in  Heaven." 

Christ  is  with  His  Church  now,  spiritually  —  a  foreshadowing  of  the 
blessed  union  of  the  hereafter.  The  Church  is  on  earth,  but  keeps  her  eyes 
fixed  on  Heaven.  And  when  the  ages  shall  have  run  their  allotted  course, 
when  the  universe  shall  roll  up  like  a  scroll  and  be  no  more,  then  will  all 
the  followers  of  Christ  be  gathered  together  in  Paradise ;  and  the  union 
begun  in  time  will  be  continued  in  eternity. 


18 


THE  PAPACY  IN  THE  NEW  CENTURY. 


BY 


RBV.  JOHN  TALBOT  SMITH. 


WHEN  Pius  IX.  died  in  1878,  the  disciples  of  the  so-called  free  thought 
announced  the  death  of  the  Papacy,  and  considered  it  as  the  crowning 
triumph  of  the  nineteenth  century  that  the  strongest  superstition  of 
history  had  fallen  before  the  blows  of  the  Voltairean  philosophy.      Even 


statesmen  as  acute 
Bismarck  believed 
great  institution  had 
effacing  of  the  Cath- 
cial  and  religious 
easy  matter.  Bis- 
that  efface  me  nt  in 
sage  of  laws  which 
sand  priests  from  the 
suppressed  the  Cat  li- 
tem ;  but  his  persecu- 
his  own  humiliation 
ance  of  the  Pope  as 
Bismarck  indirectly 
Party  in  the  Reich- 
everlasting  renown 
ing  the  famous  road 
words  by  abolishing 
tion,    restoring    the 


REV.    JOHN     TAI^BOT    SMITH, 
OF    NEW   YORK    CITY. 


and  far-seeing  as 
that  the  end  of  a 
come,  and  that  the 
olic  Church  as  a  so- 
factor  would  be  an 
marck  undertook 
Germany  by  the  pas- 
banished  eight  thou- 
Kaiser's domain  and 
olic  educational  sys- 
tion  resulted  only  in 
and  the  re-appear- 
a  factor  in  politics, 
created  the  Catholic 
stag,  and  conferred 
on  Leo  XIII.  by  tak- 
toCanossa;  in  other 
the  laws  of  persecu- 
banished  priests  and 


the  suppressed  schools,  and  making  an  alliance  with  the  Pope  against  the 
common  enemy.  Socialism.  The  victory  over  Bismarck  w^as  a  victory  over 
the  world:  or,  to  put  it  more  truly  and  more  mildly,  the  triumphant  reign 
of  Leo  XIII.  stripped  the  veil  of  illusion  from  men's  eyes,  and  proved  that 
the  Papacy  was  as  potent  a  factor  in  the  right  ruling  of  society  as  it  had 
ever  been  in  the  past. 


19 


Leo  XIII.  made  the  Papacy  very  real  to  modern  minds,  and  palpably 
present  to  the  common  man  as  well  as  to  the  practical  statesmen.  Hardly 
a  Cabinet  of  Europe  escaped  his  influence,  and  the  press  made  him  a  touch- 
ing intimate  of  the  workingman's  household.  I  can  well  recall  my  own 
astonishment  at  the  first  illustration  of  this  intimacy  of  the  Pope  with  the 
poor.  Camping  out  on  Lake  Champlain  in  the  summer  of  1887,  I  had  for 
a  daily  visitor  the  oldest  inhabitant  from  the  nearest  farm,  whose  autumn 
days  were  passing  in  perfect  health  and  profound  interest  in  the  affairs  of 
the  world.  He  asked  for  the  loan  of  our  New  York  papers,  which  by  their 
number  and  freshness  must  have  been  a  treat  to  the  old  man,  on  the  ground 
of  following  up  the  doings  "o'  that  Pope  o'  yours,  who  seems  to  be  a 
mighty  smart  old  man,  an'  jest  says  an'  does  what  he  likes  in  the  peartest 
an'  cutest  kind  of  a  way."  In  consequence  of  this  nearness  to  rulers  and 
ruled,  Leo  XIII.  passed  to  his  eternal  reward  amid  the  respectful  grief  of  all 
men.  Pius  X.  succeeded  him  with  universal  acclaim,  and  the  Papacy  stands 
forth  at  the  beginning  of  the  twentieth  century  with  the  glories  of  the  past 
illumined  by  the  success  of  the  present  hour.  The  ship,  having  weathered 
the  storms  of  a  century,  sails  on  with  strength  renewed  to  the  distant 
harbor. 

Glory  of  this  sort  is  not  factitious,  its  foundations  are  deep  in  the  earth, 
its  sources  are  neither  remote  nor  incomprehensible.  If  one  examines  the 
Papacy  at  this  moment  studiously  and  fairly,  it  will  be  found  that  the 
Roman  institution  stands  for  many  important  things  that  now  interest  the 
serious  part  of  the  world,  and  will  always  interest  it.  First,  it  has  the  one 
quality  without  which  the  best  government  amounts  to  little,  namely, 
endurance,  stability.  Macaulay's  eulogy  is  none  too  lofty.  All  the 
dynasties  have  come  and  gone,  most  of  them  have  left  no  history :  this  one 
remains,  living,  active,  powerful :  and  men  study  its  past  with  energy  and 
watch  its  passing  life  eagerly,  to  discover  the  secret  of  its  endurance,  its 
flexibility,  its  swift  adaptation  to  the  demands  of  the  hour. 

In  religion  the  Papacy  represents  that  idea  of  unity  which  for  a  time 
seemed  lost  to  the  Christian  multitude  outside  the  Church.  Since  the 
moment  of  secession,  the  Protestant  sects  have  gone  on  multiplying  to  the 
point  of  nausea  and  absurdity;  this  century  promises  further  subdivisions 
whose  ugliness  no  plausible  theory  of  variety  in  unity  can  conceal ;  and  in 
full  view  stands  the  wonderful  unity  of  the  Catholic  Church,  with  one 
Baptism,  one  Belief,  and  one  Head,  a  unity  maintained  in  the  face  of  the 
fiercest  opposition  from  the  world.  Small  wonder  that  so  many  have 
turned  to  the  Papacy  in  these  days  of  discord.  In  politics  the  Papacy 
stands  for  the  safe  progress  of  the  race  along  tried  and  well-known  lines,  as 
against  the  bloody  ideas  of  the  French  Terrorists,  the  decadence  of  absolut- 
ism, and  the  follies  of  Socialism.  It  holds  to  the  main  truth  that  any 
government  is  better  than  none,  and  that  change  must  be  from  one  form  to 

20 


:another  without  such  interregnums  as  Robespierre's.  It  maintains  the 
theory  that  the  family  is  the  unit  of  society,  not  the  individual,  and  it 
would  surround  marriage  with  every  safeguard,  abolishing  divorce  as  con- 
trary to  the  natural  law.  Therefore,  it  stands  for  that  true  liberty  of  man, 
which  rejects  license  and  binds  the  individual  to  the  service  of  God,  of 
family,  of  neighbor,  and  of  country:  a  very  different  liberty  from  the 
immoral  ideal  of  modern  atheism. 

The  Pope  rules  in  the  Name  of  Jesus  Christ,  as  his  Vicar  on  earth,  and 
therefore  the  Papacy  stands  for  the  Divinity  of  Christ,  sworn  enemy  of  that 
futile  faction  which  lauds  Renan  and  dreams  of  salvation  through  the 
teachings  of  a  philosopher  called  Jesus;  a  philosopher  whose  existence 
does  not  really  concern  mankind  any  longer,  since  his  teaching  has  been 
preserved.  It  is  also  the  powerful  custodian  of  the  Sacred  Scriptures, 
against  its  friends  and  its  enemies  alike,  maintaining  that  to  the  Church 
alone  belongs  the  right  of  final  judgment  on  its  difficulties  and  problems. 
As  it  protected  the  Bible  from  the  wild  misuse  of  the  sects,  so  it  will  protect 
it  from  the  vicious  and  hateful  assault  of  the  atheistic  scientists.  It  sup- 
ports the  inspiration  of  the  Bible  as  a  dogma  of  the  faith,  and  the  last  word 
in  the  long  discussion,  if  that  controversy  ever  comes  to  an  end,  will  be 
uttered  by  a  Pope. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  the  Papacy  stands  before  the  human  race  to-day  as 
the  Executive  of  the  best  organized  form  of  Christianity.  In  the  struggle 
between  the  materialists  and  the  Christians,  it  must  lead  the  way  because 
it  alone  has  equipment  for  the  field ;  it  alone  is  sure  of  the  issues,  owns  a 
plan  of  campaign,  knows  the  enemy,  understands  the  violence  of  the  conflict, 
cherishes  no  illusions  about  immediate  victory,  but  holds  a  sublime  confi- 
dence in  the  ultimate  triumph  of  the  truth.  Naturally  the  Protestant 
Christian  world  will  rejoice  in  its  strength  over  the  common  enemy,  as 
indeed  it  rejoices  to-day  in  the  confusion  with  which  atheists,  materialists 
and  agnostics  regard  this  reviving  form  of  belief  in  the  Son  of  God. 

Now  that  the  Papacy  has  the  good  will  of  so  many  Christian  millions, 
made  clear  in  the  congratulations  extended  to  Pius  X.,  the  hope  may  be 
entertained  that  the  wandering  of  the  nations  has  taken  the  homeward 
curve  of  the  circle,  and  that  the  next  century  may  see  again  the  spectacle  of 
the  civilized  world  united  in  the  one  fold  under  the  one  shepherd. 


21 


Reprinted  bj'  special  permission  from  the  North  American  Review  for  September, 
1903.     Copyright,  1903,  by  the  North  American  Review  Publishing  Company. 


LEO    XIII.,   HIS    WORK    AND    INFLUENCE 

•  BY  THE 

MOST  REV.  JOHN  IRELAND,  ARCHBISHOP  OF  ST.  PAUL. 


TWO  Atnerican  papers  the  Pioneer  Press,  of  St.  Paul,  and  the  Tribune  of 
Chicago,  both  bearing  the  date,  July  20th,  1903,  the  day  follov^ing  the 

death  of  Leo  XIII.,  are  upon  my  table.  They  are,  each  in  its  manner, 
illustrations  of  the  spirit  and  the  tone  of  the  whole  American  press  of  the 
same  date.  The  Pioneer  Press  places  over  its  editorial  article  on  Leo  the 
caption,  "The  World's  Loss."  The  Tribune  honors  his  memory  by  wearing 
upon  its  first  page  a  symbolical  impress  —  the  globe  cinctured  in  mourning. 
The  American  press  voiced  the  thoughts  and  the  sentiments  of  the  American 
people. 

We  have  witnessed  an  extraordinary,  unparalleled  occurrence.  He  who 
was.  dead  had  lived  and  wrought  in  a  foreign  and  remote  land.  He  had 
been  the  head  of  a  Church  to  which  the  very  large  majority  of  the  popula- 
tion refuse  allegiance,  to  which  the  great  number  professed  in  the  near  past, 
if  they  do  not  profess  to-day,  positive  opposition.  Yet,  as  the  electric  flash 
speeds  across  the  continent  announcing  that  Leo  XIII.  is  no  longer  among 
the  living,  all  are  startled  and  break  forth  into  a  universal  chorus  of  sorrow 
and  praise.  The  President  of  the  Republic  wires  across  the  Atlantic  noble 
words  of  condolence.  A  former  President  of  the  Republic,  judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  statesmen,  scholars,  men  of  affairs,  speak  reverent  eulogy. 
Cities  and  universities  lower  their  flags  to  half-mast.  Protestant  ministers 
in  their  temples  and  Jewish  rabbis  in  their  synagogues  give  out  tribute  of 
speech  and  heart.    America  mourns  Leo. 

And  what  we  have  witnessed  in  our  land,  other  peoples  were  witnessing 
in  theirs.  Tzars  and  Kaisers,  rulers  of  monarchies  and  presidents  of 
republics,  told  their  regrets,  and  the  multitudes  responded  in  sincere  and 
sorrowful  echo.  It  was  not  a  country  mourning  an  illustrious  represent- 
ative :  it  was  not  a  Church  mourning  a  Supreme  Pontiff:  it  was  humanitA- 
mourning  a  great  and  good  man. 

22 


For  humanity's  sake,  note  must  be  taken,  and  remembrance  kept,  of 
what  occurred  on  the  death  of  Leo  XIII.  The  universal  tribute  of  sorrow 
and  praise  which  this  death  evoked,  honors  our  common  humanity  and  our 
common  civilization.  It  was  a  wondrous  manifestation  of  humanity's 
high-mindedness  and  generosity,  of  the  exalted  elevation  of  soul  to  which 
it  attains  more  particularly  in  these  modern  days.  Differ  men  do,  differ 
they  will,  in  many  of  the  matters  affecting  their  manner  of  thinking  and  of 
living.  Differ  they  do,  assuredly,  in  religious  belief  and  conduct.  Neverthe- 
less they  are  mindful  of  their  mutual  brotherhood,  of  their  mutual  member- 
ship in  the  great  human  family ;  and  they  are  capable  of  rising  above  lines 
of  separateness  to  acknowledge  that  richness  of  gifts  in  one  is  the  inherit- 
ance of  all,  to  be  cherished  and  admired  by  all. 

The  third  day  of  March,  1878,  Joachim  Pecci,  until  then  Archbishop  of 
Perugia,  was  elected  into  the  Roman  Pontificate.  Leo  XIII.  was  before 
the  world,  upon  the  highest  pedestal,  from  which,  for  the  next  twenty -five 
years,  he  was  to  teach  and  work  for  the  Church  and  htimanity. 

It  is,  indeed,  a  sublime  position  into  which  the  Roman  Pontiff  is  lifted. 
There  is  given  to  greatness  no  other  such  opportunity.  The  field  opened  to 
the  Roman  Pontiff  is  the  world.  His  immediate  subjects,  the  soldiers  of 
his  cause,  approach  in  numbers  three  hundred  millions.  His  interests  and 
duties  of  office  draw  to  him  nearh-  all  human  interests.  Nearly  all  the 
innumerable  intellectual  and  social  problems  vexing  men  are  before  him  for 
thought  and  solution.  Arms  of  power  the  most  potent,  the  most  far- 
reaching,  are  in  his  hands,  the  immortal  arms  of  truth,  justice,  and  charity. 
And  around  him,  such  as  nowhere  else,  there  surge  inspirations  making  for 
greater  things — whether  it  be  from  the  faith  within  him  that  he  has  in  hand 
the  keys  of  Christ's  Kingdom,  whether  it  be  from  the  memories  of  illustrious 
predecessors,  .who  in  one  age  or  another  so  wrought  that  the  history  of 
their  times  was  knitted  into  their  history  and  their  names  set  ineffaceabh' 
on  humanity's  scroll  of  glory. 

Let  it  not  be  said,  however,  that  the  position  creates  greatness :  it 
reveals  greatness,  if  greatness  is  there,  as  it  reveals  littleness  —  and  with  a 
vengeance  —  if  littleness  is  there. 

Then,  in  the  lifetime  of  the  Roman  Pontificate,  periods  do  occur  when 
he  who  guides  for  the  moment  its  destinies  is  tested  to  the  inmost  chords 
of  the  soul,  and  menaced  with  signal  failure,  unless  there  belong  to  him 
vision  of  mind  and  force  of  character,  wisdom,  and  power,  such  as  are 
rarely  accorded  to  the  workers  of  history.  And  one  of  these  crucial  periods 
stood  out,  in  exacting  fury,  before  Leo  as  he  stepped  upon  the  pontifical 
throne. 

The  nineteenth  century,  humanity's  new  age,  had  risen  high  on  the 
horizon.  We  know  the  bold  promises  of  the  age,  and  the  bolder  menaces. 
The  past  was  to  be  no  more;   a  new  world  was  to  be  born.     Everywhere 

23 


there  was  revolution — in  science  and  in  history,  in  civil  society  and  in 
religious  creeds.  Not  all,  of  course,  was  wrong  in  the  age.  There  were 
worthiest  discoveries  and  inventions,  due  to  its  audacious  industry :  there 
were  ambitions  and  aspirations  most  legitimate,  awakened  by  its  strug- 
glings  and  its  dreams.  But  it  had  its  excesses  and  extravagances.  It  was 
impatient  of  measure :  it  courted  extremes.  It  declared  the  past  to  be  its 
special  enemy.  The  Catholic  Church  represented  the  past,  as  no  other 
existing  institution  wished  to  do,  or  could  pretend  to  do :  and  so  the  age 
in  malicious  intent  turned  its  search-light  upon  the  Church,  wishing  to  find 
in  it  an  incurable  to  be  relegated  into  obscurity,  if  not  removed  altogether 
from  the  living  world.  There  was  war  to  the  death  between  the  age  and 
the  Church. 

The  early  action  of  the  Church,  as  is  natural  in  a  conservative  organism 
conscious  of  its  inborn  strength,  had  been  to  recoil  upon  itself,  and  gather 
its  energies  more  closely  around  its  olden  land-marks,  sternly  refusing  a 
parley,  under  flag  of  truce,  with  the  advancing  enemy.  In  the  encyclicals  of 
Gregory  and  of  Pius,  notably  in  the  "Syllabus,"  it  hurled  against  the  age 
its  doctrinal  definitions:  but  showed  no  willingness  to  discuss  its  pro- 
gramme, and  inquire  what  the  age  really  sought — whether  it  held  in  all 
cases  for  new  principles,  as  for  new  forms,  or  whether  in  some  at  least  it 
demanded  only  new  forms,  which,  perhaps,  might  be  but  the  normal 
vesture  of  olden  principles  in  new  seasons  and  situations.  Those  tactics  of 
the  Church  had  stirred  the  age  into  fresher  anger,  and  infused  into  the 
battle  fiercer  passion. 

In  its  hatred  of  the  Church,  the  age  was  reinforced  in  non-Catholic 
countries  by  sectarian  prejudices,  survivors  of  animosities  of  former  genera- 
tions. In  those  countries,  to  the  minds  of  the  many,  the  Church  was  still 
the  foe  and  perverter  of  the  Scriptures,  and  its  Pope,  if  not  the  anti-Christ, 
was  at  least  a  fair  image  of  the  apocalyptic  monster. 

There  was,  too,  the  war  of  nations  against  the  Church,  at  the  time  of 
Leo's  election.  For  one  reason  or  another,  the  relations  between  Rome 
and  the  governments  of  Europe  were  most  unfriendly.  It  was  mistrust 
and  aversion,  when  it  was  not  open  warfare.  In  Germany,  the  Kultur- 
Aampf  was  raging;  and  the  conqueror  of  Sedan,  it  was  proclaimed,  was 
not  a  Henry  IV.  to  betake  himself  to  "  Canossa."  Russia  was  driving  with 
the  bayonet  its  Uniate  subjects  into  its  jails  or  its  schism.  In  France, 
Catholics  were  in  discord  with  the  Republic,  and  the  Republic  in  discord 
with  Catholics.  In  Spain,  the  Church,  the  ally  now  of  Carlists,  now  of 
Alphonsists,  was  rent  in  pieces,  and  in  serious  danger  of  losing  its  peace 
and  vigor.  Little  Switzerland  had  to  be  in  the  fashion,  and,  in  defence  of  a 
new  schism  draping  itself  in  the  name  of  "  Old-Catholicism,"  was,  in  its 
way,  hurling  defiance  across  the  Alps.  Austria,  even,  however  loyal  to 
Rome  its  Emperor  might  be,  was  permitting  the  virus  of  Josephism  to  per- 

24 


tneate  its  parliaments,  and  what  at  any  moment  it  might  say  or  do  against 
its  historic  Church,  no  one  could  tell.  In  Italy,  the  soldiers  of  Victor 
Emmanuel  had  crossed  the  Tiber,  and  shattered  with  cannons  Rome's 
imperial  wall.  The  Pontiff  had  been  declared  by  Italian  law  the  subject  ot 
the  Italian  government. 

The  loss  of  the  temporal  sovereignty  of  the  Papacy  seemed  the  climax 
of  tendencies  and  events  hastening  the  Church  to  its  doom.  It  was  taken 
to  indicate  that  Heaven,  no  less  than  earth,  was  abandoning  the  Church. 
The  temporal  power,  it  had  been  thought  and  said,  was  the  one  prop  that 
still  upheld  the  tottering  columns  of  the  Papacy,  the  one  mantle  that 
shielded  from  the  world's  gaze  its  decrepit  bastions;  and  now  the  temporal 
power  was  gone! 

Catholics  were  dismayed.  Their  faith  taught  them  that,  however  high 
ocean's  billows  rise,  Peter's  bark  can  never  be  sunken  beyond  recovery. 
But,  for  the  moment,  the  storm  raged  so  violently,  they  stood  aghast ; 
what  to  do,  whither  to  turn,  they  knew  not.  Patient  inactivity  was  the 
doctrine  of  many ;  these  simply  folded  their  hands  and  waited.  To  others, 
the  combat  was  still  the  duty  of  the  hour:  but  it  was  the  combat  that 
fastened  them  to  the  enclosures  of  their  citadels,  and  forbade  incursions  into 
the  territory  of  the  enemy ;  it  was  the  combat  with  affirmations  and 
anathemas,  rather  than  arguments  and  conciliation.  The  times  were 
solemn.  A  French  writer,  Vicomte  de  Vogue,  with  the  full  import  of  the 
times  upon  his  mind,  assisted  in  the  Sistine  Chapel  at  the  ceremonies 
attending  the  coronation  of  Leo,    He  wrote : 

"The  darkness  of  the  place,  the  limited  company,  the  air  of  eflfacement  and 
almost  mystery  —  everything  led  our  thoughts  back  to  the  first  enthronement  of 
Popes  in  the  Catacombs.  Pius  IX.  had  left  an  abounding  fame  and  a  great  void  : 
the  despoiled  Papacy  seemed  to  have  been  engulfed  with  him.  The  heir  without  a 
heritage  who  was  shown  to  us  had  a  look  of  weakness,  and  his  title  to  renown 
was  still  discussed.  His  coronation  seemed  a  simulacrum  of  vanished  realties,  the 
elevation  of  a  phantom.  And  these  were  the  years  when  the  shadow  of  the  cross 
on  the  world  was  growing  less." 

Such  the  Church,  such  the  world,  when  Leo  became  Pontiff.  To  have 
been  a  great  Pontiff,  he  must  needs  have  had  within  him  the  elements  of 
greatness;  he  must  needs  have  accomplished  great  things  during  his 
pontificate. 

A  man  Leo  was,  rare  among  men.  With  Leo  on  her  scroll,  Italy  may 
well  resume  her  Virgilian  boast :  "The  mighty  mother  of  men !  "  Knowing 
Leo,  the  poet  of  Avon  would  have  sung:  "The  senate-house  of  planets  all 
did  sit,  to  knit  in  (him)  their  best  perfections." 

What  dominated  in  Leo  was  mind.  Such  a  mind  as  Leo's  was  —  so 
lofty,  so  far-reaching  in  range,  so  piercing  in  its  glance  through  details,  so 
rapid  in  its  flight  to  the  kernel  of  the  problem,  and  thence  at  once  to  its 

25 


solution !  I  marvel  now,  as  I  recall  my  audiences  with  Leo.  He  would 
talk :  he  would  give  free  current  to  the  floods  of  light  within  him.  And,  as 
he  talked,  as  he  discoursed  of  Church  and  nations,  of  present  and  future 
ages,  of  high  destinies  and  ambitions,  I  felt  like  one  sitting  at  the  feet  of  a 
Scriptural  prophet,  and  in  wonderment  I  would  exclaim  to  myself:  What 
a  great  thing  a  great  mind  is !  Once,  elsewhere  in  Europe,  I  was  in 
presence  of  a  mind  that  seemed  an  image  of  Leo's  —  not  resplendent  as 
Leo's  mind,  but  yet  an  image  of  it:  it  was  when  I  sat  near  Manning  at 
Westminster. 

The  quick,  piercing  penetration  of  Leo's  mind !  This  was  of  immense 
value  in  his  work ;  it  explains  how  he  was  able  to  accomplish  so  much  in 
his  quarter-century.  I  have  in  my  memory  questions  most  complicated  — 
hopelessly  so,  it  would  have  seemed,  for  one  forced  to  view  them  from  a 
distance  and  outside  their  local  circumstances.  Officials  of  high  renown 
had  been  struggling  over  them — and  in  vain.  A  brief  exposition  was  made 
to  Leo  :  soon  the  matter  was  clear,  and  the  answer  given  in  terse,  compre- 
hensive formula.  "  You  wish  your  matter  to  be  quickly  understood,"  said 
to  me  once  Cardinal  Satolli ;   "  then  speak  with  Leo." 

It  was  a  mind  stored  with  knowledge,  refined  and  elevated  by  careful 
culture.  The  long  years  of  retirement  amid  the  hills  and  vales  of  Umbria 
had  been  put  to  profit.  Not  only  had  Leo,  as  was  demanded  of  him  by  his 
sacred  profession,  given  deep  and  continuous  attention  to  philosophy  and 
theology :  he  had,  also,  roamed  long  and  extensively  through  fields  of 
history  and  literature,  of  science  and  sociology,  of  law  and  diplomatics, 
His  reading,  too,  had  kept  full  pace  with  the  movements  of  modern  thought 
and  investigation.  Privileged  to  converse  with  Leo,  the  prelate  and  the 
diplomat,  the  traveller  and  the  scholar,  found  him  awaiting  them  on  their 
ground,  familiar  with  their  studies.  His  encyclicals  are  evidences  of  deep 
learning,  as  they  are  of  exquisite  literary  form.  And  Leo's  innocent  sports 
of  his  leisure  hours,  pursued  into  the  very  shadows  of  death,  his  Latin 
poems,  are  revelations  of  his  beauty  of  expression  and  richness  of  thought, 
as  they  are  of  his  sweetness  of  soul  and  the  rythmic  melodies  of  his  whole 
career.  Leo  loved  poetry  and  poets :  noble  minds  are  poetic  by  nature. 
One  of  the  last  books,  the  wires  told  us,  upon  wrhich  he  rested  his  fingers, 
wan  already  and  cold  from  deathly  illness,  was  the  Ars  Poetica  of  Horace. 
During  his  lifetime  his  favorite  poet  had  been  Dante.  He  ordered  to  be 
printed,  under  his  personal  supervision,  a  magnificent  edition  of  the  Italian 
master  of  song.  Charles  A.  Dana  told  how  he  had  prepared  himself  for  an 
audience  with  Leo  by  an  attentive  rehearsal  of  someDantean  passages.  As 
occasion  offered  during  the  audience,  Dana  gave  voice,  now  to  one,  now  to 
another,  of  those  passages:  but,  to  his  surprise  and  discomfiture,  whenever 
his  memory  brought  him  to  a  pause,  Leo  would  repeat  the  subsequent 
verses,  with  manifest  readiness  for  continuous  indefinite  c|Uotation.     With 

26 


all  he  knew,  Leo  sought  to  know  more.  He  was  a  reader  and  a  student 
amid  the  onorous  occupations  of  the  Pontificate.  I  heard  from  his  lips 
that,  in  the  preparation  of  his  encyclical  on  Labor,  he  had  read  extensively 
books,  reviews,  and  reports  of  congresses.  And  I  love  at  this  moment  to 
conjure  up  his  figure,  as  once  I  saw  it,  an  evening  after  dark,  before  a  small 
square  table,  over  which  rose  the  glimmering  rays  of  two  waxen  tapers, 
elbows  resting  heavily  on  the  table,  head  sunken  into  the  outstretched 
palms,  eyes  unspectacled,  burying  his  gaze  into  Italian  and  French  papers 
of  latest  date.  He  learned  much  from  those  whom  he  admitted  to  audi- 
ences. He  was  inquisitive;  he  put  leading  questions,  and  he  soon  knew 
what  his  visitors  knew.  It  was  no  trifling  task  to  satisfy  him.  One  of  my 
hardest  experiences  with  Leo  was  when  I  was  asked  to  tell  him  in  brief 
summary  the  exact  radical  difference  between  our  two  American  political 
parties,  the  Republican  and  the  Democratic.  What  Leo  once  knew,  he 
always  knew.  His  memory  was  marvellous  in  its  retentiveness.  In  one  of 
my  audiences  with  him  I  was  astounded  to  hear  him  recall  with  startling 
vividness  incidents  of  a  previous  audience  seven  years  past — incidents  that 
I  had  totally  forgotten,  until  reminded  of  them,  in  this  manner. 

With  a  great  mind  there  was  in  Leo  a  great  heart.  His  office  was  that 
of  the  shepherd,  the  father:  in  it  there  was  needed  that  tenderness  of  soul 
w^hich  responds  to  every  human  suffering,  and  pours  into  every  human 
wound  the  balm  of  its  unction.  It  was  plainly  to  be  remarked  in  Leo,  that 
heart  was  subservient  to  mind,  and  was  ever  held  under  the  control  of  the 
superior  faculty :  otherwise,  his  heart  was  as  wide  of  range  as  was  the 
mind,  and  as  quick  to  throb  as  the  mind  was  quick  to  see.  It  was  with  a 
genuine  feeling  of  compassion,  and  a  deep  joyousness  begotten  of  his  sense 
of  power  to  bring  succor,  that  he  stepped  into  the  field  of  action,  whenever 
an  ill  of  humanity  was  to  be  relieved.  An  appeal  to  him,  in  the  name  of 
human  woe,  virhencesoever  it  came,  obtained  an  attentive  ear.  Lines  of 
social  class  or  religious  communion,  frontiers  of  race  or  nationality,  never 
limited  the  flow  of  his  love.  His  writings  in  behalf  of  labor,  his  fruitful 
intervention  in  Brazil  for  the  abolition  of  slavery,  his  tenacious  co-operation 
with  Lavigerie  to  protect  the  blacks  of  Africa  were  the  native  effusions  of 
his  broad  humanitarianism  of  heart,  as,  also,  his  thousand  and  one  smaller 
acts  of  kindness  and  amiability  reflected  its  quieter  and  softer  beatings. 
Those  who  had  at  any  time  the  privilege  of  an  audience,  private  or  public, 
with  Leo,  can  tell  of  his  sweetness  of  temper  and  graciousness  of  manner, 
as  of  his  exquisite  tact  an^  practical  judgment.  On  one  occasion,  I  obtained 
an  audience  for  a  well-known  Presbyterian  minister  and  his  wife.  The 
audience  over,  they  hurried  to  my  hotel,  faces  suffused  with  abundant  tears, 
to  tell  me  that  the  delight  of  their  visit  to  the  Vatican  was  unforgetful.  I 
heard  of  another  Protestant  clergyman  saying  that  his  remembrance  of 
Leo  was  as  the  remembrance  of  a  living  image  of  Christ. 


Leo' s  wonderful  tact !  It  was  mind  and  heart  combined.  It  showed 
itself  in  smaller  realms  of  action.  It  showed  itself  in  larger  realms.  In 
these  latter,  tact  is  statesmanship.  Leo  was  the  statesman  of  the  last  half- 
century,  a  period  by  no  means  poor  in  statesmanship.  It  was  the  time  of 
Crispi,  Thiers,  Gladstone,  Bismarck.  Leo  surpassed  all  of  them  in  mental 
grandeur,  as  he  surpassed  them  in  the  magnitude  of  his  sphere  of  action, 
and  the  success  following  upon  his  labors.  Leo  studied  men  and  situations. 
He  bided  his  time ;  the  opportunity  at  hand,  he  never  failed  to  grasp  it. 
He  had  long  watched  the  growth  of  conditions,  fostering  them  meanwhile 
with  consummate  prudence.  The  psychological  moment  arriving,  he  acted 
instantly.  It  was  the  publication  of  an  encyclical,  or  the  establishment  of 
an  apostolic  delegation ;  it  was  the  institution  of  a  religious  work,  or  an 
appeal  to  sovereigns  and  potentates ;  w^hatever  it  was,  Leo  had  chosen  for 
it  the  propitious  time  and  place,  and  success  was  assured.  The  statesman 
had  been  at  work.  Little  in  Leo's  career  happened  by  accident ;  nothing 
from  the  impulse  of  the  moment.  He  was  not  the  man  to  move  with 
currents,  and  grasp  only  the  fortunes  that  passing  events  or  self-made 
conditions  cast  into  his  hands.  He  was  the  far-seeing,  patient  worker :  his 
pontificate  was  the  creation  of  his  genius. 

It  is  a  true  and  significant  definition  of  Leo,  as  Pontiff,  to  say  that  in  a 
marked  manner  he  was  a  conscious  worker.  This  was  one  of  his  very 
singular  characteristics.  It  goes  far  to  explain  Leo's  career.  He  was  con- 
scious throughout — conscious  of  the  gifts  within  him,  conscious  of  the 
grandeur  of  the  mission  confided  to  him,  conscious  of  the  power  wrapt  up 
in  his  office,  conscious  of  the  opportunities  brought  to  him.  And  conscious 
thus,  he  was  nobly  ambitious.  He  had  resolved  that  his  should  be  a  great 
pontificate.  The  pontificates  of  history — those  of  Leo  I.,  Gregory  VII, ^ 
Innocent  III.,  Pius  V.,  were  before  his  mind :  his  own,  so  far  as  it  depended 
on  him,  was  to  be  as  theirs.  They  had  served  the  Church  with  exceptional 
glory :  he  would  serve  it  in  like  manner.  The  picture  of  his  pontificate,  as 
he  desired  it  to  be,  tempted  ever  his  pencil.  The  occasion  present,  he  colored 
deliberately  the  canvas :  the  occasion  absent,  he  as  deliberately  wrought  to 
draw  it  nigh.  He  kept  his  energies  in  persistent  play.  The  canvas  he  had 
placed  on  the  easel  was  to  be  filled  out:  and  filled  out  it  was  when  he  was 
bidden  to  his  rest. 

It  is  impossible  to  have  studied  Leo,  or  conversed  long  with  him,  with- 
out realizing  how  completely  he  was  identified  with  his  office.  He  grew  into 
his  attributes  and  prerogatives.  The  man  Leo  scarcely  existed :  it  was  the 
Pontiff"  of  Rome.  The  sense  of  the  immensity  of  his  office  was  upon  him : 
its  hopes  and  its  darings  were  his  hopes  and  darings :  its  powers,  he  felt,, 
had  passed  into  his  soul :  he  partook,  as  it  were,  of  its  eternity.  To  the 
last,  Leo  would  propose  and  plan,  as  one  buoyant  of  youth,  as  if  years  did 
not  count.    It  was  the  office  that  was  proposing  and  planning  — that  office 

28 


whose  views  are  long,  very  long,  extending  into  the  far  generations  ot  the 
future.  Surprise  has  been  expressed  that,  during  his  last  illness,  Leo 
delighted  in  reading  and  hearing  what  the  world  was  saving  about  him. 
In  this  he  was  Leo.  He  had  had  a  work  to  do :  he  wished  to  see  how  it 
had  been  done.    He  was  reviewing,  not  himself,  but  his  pontificate. 

Only  a  rapid  review  is  here  possible  of  Leo's  work. 

He  made  peace  with  governments.  He  brought  to  a  close  the  Kultur- 
kampf  in  Germany.  The  manifest  fair-mindedness  of  his  proposals,  the 
sweetness  with  which  they  were  made,  the  skilled  handling  of  the  Catholic 
forces  in  Germany  so  as  to  strengthen  the  government  in  its  battlings  with 
internal  perils,  made  captive  Emperor  and  minister,  and  secured  the  repeal 
of  the  Falk  laws  and  the  generous  restoration  to  the  Church  of  its  liberties 
and  prerogatives.  He  opened  the  way  for  reconciliation  between  the 
Church  and  the  Republic  in  France.  Catholics  in  France  held  so  fast  to  the 
traditional  doctrine  of  "the  throne  and  the  altar,"  and  sought  so  zealously 
to  make  religion  a  shield  for  their  loyalty  to  monarchy,  that  pretext  was 
given  to  the  government  to  treat  the  Church  as  an  enemy.  Leo  startled 
the  country  with  the  proclamation  of  the  doctrine,  apparently  new  to 
France,  however  old  it  was  to  Catholic  theology,  that  forms  of  govern- 
ment are  matters  of  indifference  to  the  Church,  that  the  legitimate  form  to 
which  respect  and  obedience  are  due  is  that  which  is  willed  by  the  people. 
Henceforward,  whatever  happens  in  France,  the  Church,  as  such,  cannot 
be  traduced  as  the  enemy  of  the  country  or  of  republican  liberties.  Action 
somewhat  similar  to  that  taken  in  France  was  taken  also  in  Spain.  There 
the  Carlists  were  forbidden  to  claim  as  their  own  the  support  of  Catholics, 
and  peace  was  won  to  country  and  to  Church.  Prudent  and  long-con- 
tinued negotiations  obtained  liberty  for  Catholics  in  Russia.  The  gratitude 
of  England  was  secured  by  Leo's  settlement  of  perplexing  questions  in 
Malta.  His  tactful  interference  in  Ireland,  condemning  measures  that  went 
clearly  beyond  the  bounds  of  justice  and  charity,  while  recognizing  the 
substantial  justice  of  Irish  claims,  gave  comfort  and  satisfaction  both  to 
England  and  to  Ireland.  The  skill  of  Leo's  nuncios  smoothed  away  diffi- 
culties in  Austria,  Switzerland,  and  Holland,  Even  Mohammedan  Turkey 
and  pagan  China  were  drawn  into  relations  with  Leo,  and  made  under  his 
gentle  pressure  to  grant  serious  advantages  to  the  Church.  Meanwhile, 
Leo's  encyclicals,  rapidly  following  one  upon  another,  had  brought  out  the 
Church  as  the  stable  support  of  civil  society,  of  legitimate  authority  in 
rulers,  of  legitimate  liberty  in  subjects ;  and  governments  and  peoples  who 
hitherto  had  held  it  in  suspicion,  now  looked  to  it  for  help  in  their  battlings 
for  social  order.  Nations  learned  that  their  truest  friend  and  supporter  was 
the  Pontiff  of  Rome :  rulers  sought  his  friendship  and  alliance.  The  pres- 
ence in  the  Vatican  of  Germany's  Emperor  and  of  England's  King,  a  few 
months  ago,  spoke  volumes  in  praise  of  Leo,  as  the  Pontiff  of  peace. 

29 


Peace  with  civil  governments  was  Leo's  settled  policy.  Nothing,  save 
the  peril  of  violating  principle,  could  stop  him  short  in  his  efforts  to  make 
or  to  preserv^e  peace.  Compromise,  conciliation,  silent  patience  —  all  this,  he 
thought,  was  better  far  than  war,  and  would  in  the  end  secure  to  the 
Church  advantages  which  war  never  could  have  yielded.  Experience 
proves  that  Leo  was  right.  And  as  he  did  on  the  throne  of  Peter,  so  he 
taught  Catholics  to  do  in  their  several  countries,  in  their  relations  with 
their  several  governments,  to  love  and  foster  peace.  "The Church,"  he  said 
to  myself,  on  a  memorable  occasion,  "  will  not  flourish  where  Catholics  are 
in  discord  with  the  country  and  its  institutions.  Teach  your  people  to  be 
faithful  Americans." 

Leo  was  the  Pontiff  of  the  age.  **  Hands  off"  had  been  the  cry  of  the 
age  to  the  Church  and  of  the  Church  to  the  age.  To  the  age,  the  Church 
was  the  crystallized  and  immovable  past ;  to  the  Church,  the  age  stood  for 
revolution  and  ruin,  for  the^iemolition  of  all  structures  bearing  on  their 
frontispiece  marks  of  other  times.  There  was  no  room  for  explanation, 
none  for  negotiation,  so  wildly  did  war  rage.  Leo  understood  the  Church, 
and  he  understood  the  age.  He  had  the  poise  of  mind  —  so  rare  in  men  —  to 
make  distinctions,  to  see  in  the  age  what  was  good,  no  less  than  what  was 
evil,  to  see  in  the  Church  what  was  contingent  and  accidental,  no  less  than 
what  was  necessary  and  permanent.  He  had,  too,  the  good-will  and 
practical  wisdom  which  make  for  so  much  in  efforts  towards  pacification. 
And,  so  armed,  he  faced  the  age.  He  entered  intrepidly  into  its  own  arenas, 
spoke  its  language,  and  grasped  in  hand  its  fetiches.  What  did  it  demand  ? 
New  forms  of  civil  government,  the  recognition  of  political  rights  of  the 
people  ?  In  those  matters  his  letter  to  French  Catholics  was  a  sweeping 
concession.  Freedom  from  servitude  for  the  weak  and  the  oppressed  ?  11  is 
encyclicals  on  labor  put  Leo  in  the  fore-front  of  social  reformers  and  phil- 
anthropists. The  betterment  of  physical  and  material  conditions,  progress 
in  all  that  elevates  humanity  to  higher  planes  of  comfort  and  social  happi- 
ness ?  For  all  this  Leo  gives  unstinted  praise  to  the  age.  To  him  the  age 
is  "the  noble  trurse  of  all  the  arts ;  "  and  with  its  most  fervent  admirers  he 
chants  "its  contributions  to  the  public  weal,  its  rich  discoveries  of  nature's 
secrets."  The  growth  of  intelligence,  the  diffusion  of  learning?  The  schools 
and  universities  founded  or  blessed  by  Leo,  his  multiplied  epistles  on  educa- 
tion, give  irrecusable  proof  that  the  Church  is  the  foe  of  ignorance,  the 
friend  of  science  and  of  research.  The  Church  had  been  accused  of  cowardice 
in  the  presence  of  the  age.  The  reproach  was  loudly  made  that  it  hid  itself 
in  darkness,  dreading  the  glare  of  modern  search-lights.  Leo  unlocked  the 
doors  of  the  Vatican  Library,  and  delivered  to  all  comers  the  whole  story 
of  the  Church,  fearing  nothing,  proclaiming  that  if  the  Church  is  not  founded 
on  truth,  it  has  no  right  to  the  allegiance  of  men.  With  similar  courage 
and  confidence  he  summoned  into  counsel,  at  a  later  date,  his  expert  Scrip- 

30 


tural  scholars,  and  ordered  them  to  look  straight  into  the  face  of  all  dis- 
coveries, of  all  argumentations,  upon  which  unbelieving  criticism  was 
upbuilding  itself,  and  vindicate  the  Bible  on  the  chosen  ground  of  its 
opponents. 

The  age  was  startled.  Leo  had  won  its  attention.  He  was  now  in  a 
position  to  speak  boldly  of  its  errors,  of  the  excesses  and  extravagancies  to 
which  it  was  prone  to  lend  itself,  and  in  the  name  of  its  cherished  revindica- 
tions to  bid  it  look  carefully  to  its  movements,  lest  wreckage  and  ruin 
overtake  it. 

Leo  loved  to  write  encyclicals.  He  was  a  teacher :  and  as  such  he  was 
not  to  be  faithless  to  his  mandate.  The  several  volumes  into  which  his 
encyclicals  have  been  collected  form  a  complete  exposition  of  the  questions 
of  the  day  from  the  standpoint  of  historic  Christianity  and  sane  philoso- 
phy. They  are  delightfully  free  from  all  tone  of  bitterness,  from  all  exag- 
geration in  thought  and  word,  and  are  models  of  purest  and  classical 
Latinity.  Not  alone  the  dogmas  of  the  Church  and  the  fundamental  facts 
of  Christianity  form  the  subject  matter:  the  vital  principles  which  assure 
the  security  of  the  family  and  of  society,  the  laws  of  justice  and  of  charity 
which  render  possible  the  relations  of  men  with  men,  of  nations  w^ith 
nations,  are  treated  there,  no  less  with  the  skill  of  the  trained  student  of 
sociology  and  political  economy,  than  with  the  authority  of  the  Christian 
teacher. 

Leo  was  too  modern  to  confine  himself  as  a  teacher  to  the  more  oflicial 
methods  of  the  Roman  Pontificate.  He  was  too  modern  not  to  value  the 
power  of  the  newspaper.  The  Moniteur  de  Rome  was  of  his  own  founda- 
tion. For  a  long  time,  it  was  owned,  controlled,  and  inspired  by  him. 
At  one  time  or  another  of  his  pontificate,  several  other  papers  were  brought 
more  or  less  into  his  personal  service.  The  first  public  announcement  of  his 
French  policy  was  made  in  a  historic  ''interview  "  with  a  reporter  from  the 
Petit  Journal  oi  Paris. 

Leo's  labors  on  behalf  of  the  Catholic  Church  were  varied  and  abundant. 
The  spiritual  and  devotional  life  of  the  faithful  was  fostered :  the  working 
organism  of  the  Pontificate,  invigorated  and  freshened ;  the  missionary 
expansion  of  the  Church,  stimulated  and  directed ;  the  education  of  lait^- 
and  of  clergy,  developed  and  raised  to  the  requirements  of  the  times.  There 
is  not  a  single  country  of  the  globe  which,  now  or  again,  did  not  receive  his 
particular  attention  according  to  its  special  needs  and  workings.  He  could 
not  let  himself  be  at  rest.  The  intervals  were  brief  when  he  was  not  heard 
from.  His  continued  effort  was  to  speed  life  through  the  whole  body  of  the 
Church.  He  had  imperial  views  regarding  the  government  of  the  Church , 
in  sequence  of  which  he  scattered  over  the  several  countries  his  apostolic 
delegates,  through  whose  agency  he  was  to  be  better  informed  of  happen- 
ings, better  enabled  to  hold  in  his  hands  the  reins  of  direction. 

31 


But  the  frontiers  of  the  Church  never  limited  Leo's  action.  Wherever 
there  was  good  to  be  done,  wherever  humanity  was  to  be  advanced,  there 
he  saw  work  to  be  done  for  the  Master,  and  at  once  he  set  himself  to  do  it. 
Slaves  were  to  be  liberated  in  Brazil.  Leo  wrote  urgently  to  the  hierarchy 
and  to  the  Emperor,  Dom  Pedro :  and  in  special  tribute  to  Leo,  on  one  of 
his  jubilee  days,  universal  emancipation  was  proclaimed.  The  cruel  trade 
in  black  men  by  the  Mohammedans  of  Africa  was  to  be  repressed.  Leo  set 
Lavigerie  to  work:  all  Europe  was  awakened;  and,  if  the  trade  was  not 
forever  ended,  it  was  immensely  minimized.  Soldiers  of  Italy  were  prison- 
ers of  war  in  Abyssinia :  Leo's  intercession  with  King  Menelik  saved  them 
from  being  massacred.  He  corresponded  with  William  of  Germany  regard- 
ing the  Berlin  Congress  on  labor,  with  Nicholas  of  Russia  regarding  the 
Hague  Conference  on  arbitration  and  peace.  His  letter  to  Mr.  Bryan  and 
to  Mrs.  Honore  Palmer  in  favor  of  the  Chicago  World's  Fair,  and  the  rich 
historic  exhibit  sent  to  it  from  the  Vatican,  proved  his  interest  in  all  such 
matters  as  World's  Fairs  are  made  of.  How  beneficial  to  learning,  secular 
as  well  as  sacred,  was  his  opening  of  the  archives  of  the  Vatican  Library, 
scholars  never  tire  of  telling. 

As  an  example  of  Leo's  ever-willing  philanthropy,  I  quote  an  incident 
known  but  to  a  few  outside  myself.  I  was  in  Rome  in  1887.  At  that  time 
in  Russia  an  imperial  ukase  was  compelling  the  hasty  withdrawal  of  Jews 
from  provinces  of  the  empire  outside  what  was  known  as  the  Jewish  zone. 
It  was  very  important  for  those  Russian  Jews  to  obtain  a  delay  in  the  en- 
forcement of  the  ukase,  so  that  they  might  have  time  to  make  better 
preparation  for  their  removal  to  new  homes.  Jewish  leaders  in  England 
and  America  took  the  question  in  hand.  It  was  decided  that  Mr.  Jesse 
Seligman,  of  New  York,  should  in  his  own  name  and  that  of  Baron  Hirsch 
seek  the  intercession  of  Leo  with  the  government  of  the  Tzar.  Mr.  Selig- 
man arrived  in  Rome,  but  knew  not  how  he  could  see  the  Pope.  He  called 
on  me  at  the  American  College.  I  consulted  with  Cardinal  Rampolla.  The 
Cardinal  brought  the  matter  before  the  Holy  Father,  and  received  the  order 
to  see  Mr.  Seligman  and  enter,  as  far  as  it  was  possible,  into  his  views. 
Mr.  Seligman  was  delighted  with  his  visit  to  the  Cardinal,  as  was  the 
Cardinal  with  his  interview  with  Mr.  Seligman.  I  heard  directly  from  the 
Cardinal  that  the  Holy  Father  had  given  his  most  gracious  consideration 
to  Mr.  Seligman's  request,  and  had  so  far  acceded  to  it  as  to  petition  the 
Russian  government  through  its  charge  d'affaires  in  Rome  for  the  desired 
delay  in  the  enforcement  of  the  ukase.     Leo  was  the  Pontiff  of  humanity. 

Some  day  a  long  chapter  will  be  written  on  Leo  and  America— his 
appreciative  understanding  of  our  institutions  and  liberties,  his  genial  love 
of  the  country  audits  people,  his  wise  and  large-minded  directions  to  the 
Church  in  America,  his  friendliness  of  attitude,  in  more  than  one  instance, 
towards  national  affairs.     Better  pass  over  such  matters  than  give  of  them 

32 


a  too  brief  account.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  in  all  his  relations  with  America 
or  Americans,  Leo  was  Leo  throughout — the  large-minded,  the  large- 
hearted  pontifif;  and  that  the  very  special  esteem  he  always  had  for 
America  and  its  institutions  arose  from  his  deep  comprehension  of  the  mod- 
ern age,  exemplified  he  believed  to  a  degree  in  America.  Speaking  of 
America,  he  would  say  with  manifest  admiration,  " Uavvenire'^  —  "The 
Future." 

As  Leo  was  passing  away,  affairs  of  Church  and  state  in  France  were 
in  such  turbulent  condition  that  the  question  is  raised,  whether  his  French 
policy  had  been  wisely  formulated,  whether  in  this  at  least  he  had  not 
failed  in  conspicuous  statesmanship.  The  answer  is  easy.  In  his  letter  to 
the  Catholics  of  France,  Leo  obeyed  the  duty  of  the  hour.  He  decided  a 
moral  question.  The  Republic  was  the  established  form  of  government:  it 
was  the  result  of  the  will  of  the  majority  of  the  nation.  Therefore  it  was 
the  moral  duty  of  the  Catholics  to  accept  the  Republic,  and  work  loyally 
with  it  for  the  weal  of  the  country.  Again,  religion  was  suffering  in  France, 
because  the  anti-republican  elements  in  the  population  were  so  bent  on 
covering  their  monarchistic  and  imperialistic  sentiments  and  hopes  with 
the  mantle  of  the  Church,  that  the  government  of  the  Republic  was  led  to 
see  in  the  Church  a  political  enemy.  It  was  Leo's  part  to  speak  for  the 
Church,  to  make  clear  that  it  linked  itself  to  no  one  form  of  government, 
but  left  altogether  to  the  people  to  choose  the  form  that  pleased  them  best. 
The  duty  of  the  hour  for  Leo  was  to  proclaim  the  principles  of  truth  and 
justice.  What  might  follow,  what  did  follow,  was  then,  as  it  now  is,  a 
secondary  question.  Leo  did  his  duty :  history  will  vindicate  him.  As  to 
what  has,  in  fact,  followed.  Catholics  in  France  must  take  to  themselves 
their  share  of  the  blame.  To  his  last  day,  Leo  exhorted  them  by  voice  and 
by  letter  to  obey  his  injunctions.  A  large  number  did  obey :  but  it  is  un- 
deniable history,  a  very  large  number  did  not  obey.  What  would  have 
happened  if  the  rally  to  Leo's  policy  had  been  more  general  ?  In  that  case, 
I  believe,  the  allies  of  religion  in  France  would  not  to-day  be  excluded,  as 
they  are,  from  the  management  of  public  affairs:  in  that  case,  even  if 
iniquitious  laws  were  still  put  on  the  statute-books,  the  framers  of  such 
laws  w^ould  not  dare  appeal,  as  they  do,  to  the  popular  vote  in  the  name  of 
an  imperilled  Republic.  Leo's  French  policy  was  both  statesmanship  and 
religion :  it  still  points  the  road  to  religion  and  social  peace  in  France. 

Nor  did  Leo  before  his  death  see  peace  established  between  the  Church 
and  the  Italian  government.  Is  this  a  failure  for  Leo  ?  The  old  question 
of  the  political  independence  of  the  Holy  See  confronts  us.  Leo  believed  in 
this  independence.  His  overpowering  sense  of  the  majesty  of  his  office,  and 
of  its  w^orld-wide  supernational  range  of  duty,  forbade  him  to  admit  that 
he,  the  World-Pontiff,  was  the  subject  of  one  of  the  potentates  over  whom 
his  spiritual  authority  rose  in  equal  proportion.     To  be  the  subject  of  Italy 

33 


while  he  was  dealing,  for  instance,  with  France,  he  could  not  endure.  He 
held  to  a  principle;  and  he  would  hold  to  it,  he  said,  unto  martyrdom. 
It  is  asserted  at  times  that  the  absence  of  temporal  independence  con- 
tributed to  the  prestige  of  the  Pontificate  under  Leo.  He  himself  did  not 
believe  this.  If  success  attended  his  pontificate,  he  would  say,  it  was 
despite  the  loss  of  temporal  independence.  Indeed,  he  would  add,  practi- 
cally the  Holy  See  had  not  lost  its  independence,  as  through  his  continuous 
protests  against  the  Italian  government,  he  had,  in  the  eyes  of  the  world, 
retained  it  intact.  But  a  situation  sustained  only  through  protests  is  ab- 
normal and  not  made  to  endure. 

The  momentous  question  remains,  though  Leo  is  gone.  Italy,  the 
historic  home  of  the  Papacy,  owes  to  the  Church  and  to  the  world  a  solu- 
tion of  this  question.  In  what  precise  form  the  solution  might  come,  we  need 
not  discuss.  A  solution  is  required.  But  it  was  no  fault  in  Leo  that  the 
question  is  unsettled. 

Leo's  pontificate  is  before  the  world.  The  world's  mourning,  at  Leo's 
death,  is  the  world's  judgment  upon  his  pontificate. 

Catholics,  surely,  have  reason  to  acclaim  Leo.  They  remember  the 
situation  of  the  Church  and  the  Papacy  in  1878 ;  they  see  what  it  is  in 
1903.  They  need  not  hold  that  no  other  elements,  outside  Leo's  person- 
ality, were  at  work,  contributing  to  the  change.  There  were  the  co-laborers 
of  Leo  in  Rome,  and  in  the  world  at  large.  There  was  the  age  itself — its 
earnestness  in  research  of  causes  leading  to  the  weal  of  mankind,  and  its 
willingness,  in  the  midst  of  many  aberrations,  to  recognize  facts  and  prin- 
ciples, when  properly  presented  to  its  gaze.  But  Leo  rose  above  all  co- 
laborers  to  an  eminence  that  leaves  them  at  his  feet,  while  he  touches  the 
skies:  and,  more  than  can  be  easily  told,  they  were  debtors  to  Leo  for 
their  ideas  and  their  purposes.  Whatever  the  help  given  to  him  from  the 
age,  Leo  himself  had  provoked  it ;  whatever  the  fair-mindedness  and  spirit 
of  justice  in  the  age,  Leo  himself  had  done  much  to  stimulate  and  develop 
it.  There  was,  too,  with  Leo,  Catholics  believe,  the  assistance  of  Provi- 
dence. But  here,  again.  Providence,  in  taking  human  agents  into  its 
employ,  leaves  in  full  play  their  will  and  talents,  and  usually  measures  its 
own  graces  to  their  disposition  and  action.  As  never  before  in  modern 
times,  the  Church  has  the  friendliness  of  the  world,  and  is  known  in  its 
proper  stature  and  power,  and  recognized  as  the  promoter  of  personal 
righteousness,  the  support  of  the  family  and  of  society,  the  defender  of 
Christ  and  His  Gospel.    For  this.  Catholics  must  thank  Leo. 

But  great  humanity  outside  the  Catholic  Church  — why  its  love  and 
admiration  for  Leo  ?  Leo  was  pre-eminently  a  great  and  good  man. 
Greatness  and  goodness  anywhere,  our  whole  humanity  is  graced  with 
beauty  and  dignity ;  our  whole  humanity  is  elevated  in  its  possibilities  and 
its  aspirations.     Leo  worked  for  his  Church.     But  he  worked  for  it  with 

34 


methods  that  honor  and  teach  humanity.  Only  with  the  arms  of  truth, 
justice,  and  love  did  Leo  seek  to  serve  it.  If  such  arms  did  not  lead  it  to 
victory,  Leo  sought  no  victory:  if  they  did,  humanity  would  not  complain. 
Leo  worked  for  the  Church:  but  in  doing  so,  he  believed  that  he  was 
working  for  humanity.  He  held  that  the  Church  does  not  deserve  the 
Master's  smile,  unless  it  serves  humanity.  His  unrelenting  effort  was  to 
bring  into  plainest  perspective  the  power  born  within  the  Church  to  purify 
and  uplift  humanity,  to  cure  its  ills,  to  sweeten  its  passage  across  earth, 
while  drawing  it  toward  Heaven,  its  final  home.  As  we  have  seen,  Leo 
loved  humanity  for  its  own  sake,  and  worked  for  it  outside  the  frontiers  of 
his  Church.  A  brother-man  was  his  Master's  child.  Black,  yellow,  or 
white  —  heathen,  Jew,  Christian,  non-Catholic,  or  Catholic — Leo  recognized 
the  brother  and  served  him.  The  world  is  the  better,  the  richer,  the 
happier:  men  are  drawn  nearer  to  one  another;  they  are  prompted  to 
higher  flights  of  righteousness  and  charity,  because  Leo  has  lived.  The 
world  in  mourning  at  his  death  was  a  well-merited  tribute — an  honor  to 
Leo,  an  honor  to  the  world. 
\ 


35 


A    REMINISCENCE    OF   POPE   LEO. 

BY 

REV.  JOHN  SPENSLEY,  D.  D: 


THE  twenty-five  years  of  Pope  Leo's  reign  brought  into  the  world's 
history  one  of  its  most  remarkable  figures.  His  character  would 
always  have  been  forceful,  even  if  he  had  remained  in  the  obscurity  of 
his  hilltop  episcopal  city  in  the  Abruzzi.  But  the  world  at  large  would  not 
have  known  him.  As  the  governor  of  a  province,  as  the  firm  ruler  of  local 
ecclesiastical  affairs,  his  influence  would  always  have  been  strong  for  good, 
but  he  would  not  have  caught  the  eye  of  one  who  surveys  the  field  of  uni- 
versal activity. 

His  elevation  to  the  throne  of  Peter,  in  1878,  made  him  at  once  a 
cynosure ;  and  as  the  years  rolled  on  the  mind  of  mankind  began  to  appre- 
ciate him,  not  only  as  one  who  was  worthily  occupying  an  exalted  position, 
but  also  as  a  most  interesting  personal  character. 

The  widespread  interest  which  attached  to  his  splendid  fight  for  life,  at 
a  time  when  he  had  more  than  passed  the  average  of  years  allotted  to  man, 
brought  out  such  numerous  estimates  of  the  great  pontiff"  that  even  the 
casual  reader  became  familiar  with  his  qualities  as  a  statesman  and  a  man 
of  letters.  But  there  was  another  side  to  his  character  which  could  only  be 
studied  at  short  range  —  his  individuality. 

To  the  writer  was  given  the  opportunity  of  studying  Leo  XHl  [on 
many  different  occasions.  There  are  various  ways  of  seeing  the  Pope,  but 
owing  to  the  great  number  of  applications  and  to  the  possibility  also,  of 
admitting  dangerous  cranks  to  his  presence,  certain  precautions  are  taken 
and  there  is  thrown  around  the  formality  what  is  sometimes  impatiently 
thought  to  be  mere  "red  tape."  But  this  only  makes  one's  pleasure  the 
more  keen,  when  all  the  barriers  are  passed. 

What  impressed  the  writer  throughout  his  different  experiences  of  con- 
tact with  the  Head  of  the  Church  was  the  fact  that,  whether  walking  in  the 
garden  or  pontificating  in  all  the  splendor  of  the  Roman  ritual,  the  Pope 
w^as  always  the  same  —  simplicity  itself.  And  yet  his  manner  was  always 
in  harmony  with  his  environment. 

36 


As  is  well  known,  Leo  was  very  fond  of  his  garden.  Now,  by  the  term 
garden  must  not  be  understood  a  half  acre  of  plants  and  shrubs.  The 
Vatican  gardens  form  a  good  sized  park,  with  groves  and  fountains  and 
lawns,  and  even  with  different  residences,  to  be  used,  for  example,  in  Sum- 
mer, when  the  Holy  Father  would  exchange  the  sometimes  oppressive 
grandeur  of  the  palace  for  the  rustic  simplicity  of  a  villa. 

In  these  gardens  Pope  Leo  would  pass  the  time  on  pleasant  days,  when 
free  from  the  cares  of  state,  and  one  would  occasionally  be  allowed  to  meet 
him  on  his  walks.  This  was,  perhaps,  the  most  informal  manner  of  being 
admitted  to  his  presence  and  to  many  it  was  the  most  pleasant,  for  there 
was  a  certain  intimacy  about  it  which  was  lacking  in  the  throne  room. 
Down  the  path  would  come  a  detachment  of  guards,  in  splendid  uniforms, 
and  a  small  group  of  ecclesiastics,  surrounding  a  fragile  old  man  w^ith  a 
thin  mobile  face  lighted  by  a  pleasant  smile,  and  an  eye  that  beamed  with 
kindliness,  although  it  could  pierce  like  a  dart. 

In  spite  of  the  years  which  bowed  his  frame  he  would  move  along  w^ith 
an  agile  step  that  would  decidedly  inconvenience  some  portly  attendant. 
Approaching  the  favored  one  who  was  waiting  with  respectful  unobtru- 
siveness  by  the  wayside,  he  would  lay  a  hand  affectionately  on  his  head  and 
give  him  a  blessing.  And  he  would  stop  to  ask  questions  in  a  genial  inter- 
ested way  that  put  one  completely  at  his  ease.  Perhaps  you  had  mastered 
a  stately  phrase  or  two,  with  which  to  salute  this  great  man  who  was  the 
friend  of  emperors  and  the  head  of  the  worldwide  church.  Yet  before  you 
knew  it  you  were  answering  his  questions  about  yourself  and  your  country 
with  an  easy  familiarity  which  made  you  forget  the  well  worded  Italian 
you  had  taken  such  pains  to  prepare.  And  Leo  would  nod  approvingly  and 
say :  "God  bless  you, my  son !  Coraggio  e  perseveranza ! "  Occasions  like 
this  made  you  have  a  personal  affection  for  him.  You  felt  that  he  was  not 
merely  the  Father  of  all  the  faithful,  but  in  a  particular  manner  of  yourself 
And  you  felt  a  special  pride  in  the  fact  that  you  had  been  enabled  to  speak 
in  this  simple  colloquial  style  with  one  such  as  he. 

It  w^as  marvelous  how^  this  aged  man  could  endure  the  tedium  of  his 
office,  the  long  routine  of  audiences,  the  receptions  of  pilgrims,  the  demands 
and  petitions  of  ambassadors,  each  trying  to  circumvent  the  other,  the 
lengthy  ceremonials  of  the  church,  which  sometimes  required  a  fast  till  after- 
noon. And  yet  he  would  never  succumb  to  fatigue.  He  kept  Dr.  Lapponi, 
his  physician,  in  a  constant  state  of  exasperation  by  refusing  to  take  rest 
and  the  precautions  upon  which  the  good  doctor  insisted  as  necessary  to 
preserve  his  life.  Lapponi  w^ould  solemnly  predict  the  most  dire  consequen- 
ces if  his  august  charge  took  part  in  a  certain  ceremonial,  and  the  playful 
malice  with  which  Pope  Leo  would  carry  the  function  through,  without  ful- 
filling the  cheerful  prediction,  would  drive  the  medico  to  desperation.  And  he 
would  splutter  to  himself:  "Questa  volta,  si,  ma  verra  un  giorno    *    *    *! " 

37 


Receptions  in  the  throne  room  must  have  been  most  trying  to  the 
venerable  pontiff.  For  example:  It  was  the  custom,  on  Candlemas  Day, 
for  the  churches,  colleges  and  communities  of  Rome  each  to  present  the 
Holy  Father  with  a  huge  ornamented  candle.  This  meant  that  delegations 
from  the  different  institutions  would  be  presented  to  him  in  a  steady  stream 
for  hours.  They  would  approach  the  throne  and  kneel  before  him  while  he 
bent  forward  to  receive  the  offering  and  exchange  a  few  pleasantries  with 
each  one.  The  continual  leaning  forward  and  what  must  have  been  the 
painful  monotony,  to  an  intellect  like  his,  of  hours  of  small  talk,  would 
have  tried  a  giant.  Yet  he  would  persevere  to  the  end,  smiling  and  cordial, 
with  the  calm  dignity  of  one  who  was  above  considerations  of  mere  petty 
fatigue. 

Then,  too,  he  could  always  say  something  that  was  of  personal 
interest  to  his  hearer,  or  he  could  touch  happily  on  some  topic  of 
national  moment.  Once,  while  waiting  his  turn  for  a  few  words,  the 
writer  could  not  help  overhearing  the  Pope's  conversation  with  the 
rector  of  a  certain  pontifical  college.  The  rector  had  recently  given  a 
banquet  at  which  the  guests  of  honor  were  two  cardinals,  primates 
respectively  of  England  and  Ireland.  "I  am  glad  to  see,"  remarked 
Leo  with  a  twinkle  in  his  eye,  "that  you  are  bringing  about  the  harmony 
of  nations." 

The  most  impressive  spectacle  in  Rome  since  the  Vatican  Council  was 
the  recent  cannonization  of  two  "beati."  The  interior  of  St.  Peter's  was 
gorgeously  adorned  with  rich  tapestries,  while  thousands  and  thousands 
of  lighted  candles,  describing  stupendous  designs  in  lines  of  fire  from  dome 
to  altar,  from  transept  to  transept,  from  tribune  to  portal,  made  a  fairyland 
of  bewildering  beauty.  Pope  Leo  appeared  on  this  occasion  with  a  mag- 
nificence of  church  ritual  such  as  is  rarely  one's  privilege  to  behold.  Nearly 
seventy  thousand  people  spent  hours  in  the  great  basilica,  waiting  for  the 
procession.  But  those  hours  were  passed  without  weariness,  in  the  interest 
of  studying  the  miracles  of  decoration  which  transformed  the  already  mag- 
nificent outlines  of  the  stately  fane. 

Finally  a  blast  from  silver  trumpets  announced  the  approach  of  the 
Pope.  A  long  cortege  came  slowly  into  view :  the  Palatine  and  Swiss 
Guards,  the  little  army  of  the  Vatican;  the  brilliant  array  of  the  Guardia 
Nobile,  composed  of  princes  and  nobles  of  old  Italian  families ;  canons  and 
dignitaries,  and  finally  nearly  four  hundred  bishops,  archbishops  and 
cardinals.  As  the  Pope  himself  emerged  from  the  archway  of  the  Vatican 
entrance,  borne  aloft  in  the  sedia  gestatoria,  a  murmur  of  voices  arose, 
mingling  with  the  triumphant  march  of  the  trumpeteers  and  the  glorious 
canticle  of  the  Sistine  choir.  It  swelled  rapidly  into  a  roar,  till  great  billows 
of  sound  rolled  through  the  vast  edifice  from  end  to  end,  "  Viva  il  Papa-Re  ! 
Viva  Leone  decimo-terzo  I    Viva !    Viva ! ! 

38 


And  the  saints  of  marble  and  the  popes  of  bronze  gazed  from  altar  and 
sarcophagus,  across  the  sea  of  upturned  faces  and  fluttering  kerchiefs,  as 
though  in  wonder  at  this  unusual  commotion. 

And  the  man  who  was  causing  all  this  enthusiasm  ?  As  you  looked 
upon  him  did  you  see  a  figure  in  the  attitude  of  Jove  ?  Did  you  behold  one 
who  seemed  to  realize  that  he  was  on  the  pinnacle  of  earthly  dignity  ?  No. 
You  saw  the  same  mild  old  man  who  had  greeted  you  so  kindly  in  the  garden. 
His  smile  was  the  same,  and  as  he  bestowed  his  blessing  on  the  multitudes 
that  beautifal  spirit  of  fatherly  love  seemed  to  animate  him  which  made 
him  ask  you  so  gently  about  the  dear  ones  you  had  left  at  home,  far  off 
across  the  sea. 

As  one  reflects,  how  much  more  of  real  grandeur  there  was  in  this  con- 
stant attitude  of  Pope  Leo  than  there  would  have  been  in  that  proud 
realization  of  dignity  and  power  which  marks  .the  ruler  of  a  kingdom  that 
is  of  this  world.  Talleyrand  once  said  that  the  love  of  glory  sometimes 
makes  a  great  hero ;  indifference  to  it,  a  great  man.  Leo  was  a  great 
man.  Inferior  men  love  display  and  ostentation.  They  love  to  be  seen 
receiving  the  homage  of  men.  To  Leo,  the  affectionate  reverence  of  a  child 
seemed  to  give  as  much  pleasure  as  the  rapturous  burst  of  universal  acclaim 
beneath  the  dome  of  the  world's  cathedral. 

He  realized  well  this  truth :  the  glory  of  this  world  passeth  away  ;  that 
only  is  real,  which  is  eternal.  And  so,  a  lesson  to  be  drawn  from  the  dead 
pope's  personality  might  be 

THE    SIMPLICITY    OF    TRUE    GREATNESS. 


39 


THE 

Venerable  ♦  Hierarchy 


U 


NITED  OTATES 


TIME    OF   THE    DEATH 


OF    THE 


Holy  Father  Pope  Leo  XIII 


HIS    EXCELLENCY 
MOST    REVEREND    DIOMEDE    FALCONIO,    D.  D. 
DELEGATE   APOSTOLIC, 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


42 


11^ 

^jj^  JBI 

i^^    ^ 

hI^^^H 

k^ 

-  ,.,, 

KP^ 

(Copyriglit  1893,  by  S.  T,.  Stein,  Milwaukoc,  Wis. 

Most  Reverend  Frederic  X    Katzer,  D.  D. 
Milwaukee,  Wis. 

(Died  same  day  as  Pope  Leo.) 


Most  Reverend 

John  J,    Kain,    D.   D., 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 


(Cop.Mijclit  l<tO-.',F.  R.  Con 

Most  Reverend 

John  J.    Williams,    D.    D. 

Boston,  Mass. 


Most  Reverend 

William    H.    Elder,    D.    D., 

Cincinnati,  O. 


43 


Most  Revereii 

John    M.    Farley,    D 

New  York.  N.  Y. 


Most  Reverend 
Placide   L.    Chapelle,    D. 
New  Orleans,  La. 


Most  Reverend 
Patrick  J,    Ryan,    D. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 


D., 


Most  Reverend 

John  J.    Keane,    D.    D. 

Dubuque,  la. 


44 


Most  Reverend 

Patrick   W.    Riordan,   D.   D., 

'San  Francisco,  Cal. 


Most  Reverend 

John   Ireland.    D.    D. 

St.  Paul,  Minn. 


Most  Kfvcrt 
James  E.  Quigley,  D.   D 
Chicago,  111. 


Most  Reverend 
Alexander  Christie,   D. 
Portland,  Ore. 


45 


Most  Reverend 

P.    Bourgade,    D.    D. 

Santa  Fe,  N.  M. 


'&.~^'p. 


Right  Reverend 

Gustave   A.    Rouxel,    D.    D. 

New  Orleans,  La. 

46 


Right  Reverend 

Richard   Phelan,    D.    D. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


Right  Reverend 

Tohn   S.   Michaud,   D.    D. 

Burlington,  Yt. 


Right  Reverend 

Edward  J.    Dunne,    D.    D. 

Dallas,  Tex. 


Right  Reverend 

Eugene   A.    Garvey.    D.    D. 

Altoona,  Pa. 


47 


'^^^^  v^ 


Riijlit  Reverend 

Henry  J.    Richter,   D.    D. 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 


Right  Reverend 

Thos.    M.   A.    Burke,   D.   D., 

Albany.  N.  Y. 


Right  Reverend 

Tohn  J.    Hennessy,    D,    D., 

Wichita,  Kan. 


Right  Reverend 

Thomas   S.    Byrne,    D.    D., 

Nashville,  Tenn. 


48 


Right  Reverend 

Henry    P.   Northrop,    D.    D. 

Charleston,  S.  C. 


Right  Reverend 

John   B.    Pitaval,   D.    D. 

Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex, 


Right  Reverend 

Louis   M.    Fink,    o.  s.  b.,  D.  D. 

Kansas  City,  Kan. 


Right  Reverend 

H.    Granjon,    D.    D. 

Tucson,  Ariz. 


49 


Right  Reverend 
Denis   M.    Bradley,    U. 
Manchester,  N.  H. 


D., 


Right  Reverend 

Michael   Tierney,  D, 

Hartford,  Conn. 


('(.pyriKht  1901,  (Jibsoii  Art  (iHlUTi.-s,  riiicago.) 

Right  Reverend 
P.   J.    Muldoon,    D.    D., 
Chicago,  111. 


Right  Reverend 
George   Montgomery,   D. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 


50 


Right  Reverend 

Philip  J.    Garrigan,    D.    D., 

Sioux  City,  la. 


Right  Reverend 
Joseph    B.  Cotter,    D. 
Winona.  Minn. 


Right  Reverend 
Tames  Schwebaeh,    D. 
La  Crosse.  Wis. 


Right  Reverend 

Michael  J.   Hoban,    D.    D. 

Scranton,  Pa. 


51 


Kiyht  Reverend 

Bernard  J.    McQuaid,   D.    D. 

Rochester,  N.  Y. 


rCopyrighterl.) 

Right  Reverend 

Thomas   D.    Beaven,    D.    D., 

Springfield,  Mass. 


Right  Reverend 

Thomas   O'Gorman,   D.   D. 

Sioux  Falls,  S.  Dak. 


Right  Reverend 

A.  J.    Glorieux,   D.    D. 

Boise,  Idaho. 


52 


Right  Reverend 

Francis   S.   Chatard,    D.    D., 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 


Right  Reverend 

Richard   Scannell,    D.    D. 

Omaha,  Neb. 


Right  Reverend 

Thomas   Bonacum,   D.    D., 

Lincoln,  Neb. 


Right  Reverend 

John    F.   Cunningham.  D.   D., 

Concordia,  Kan. 


53 


Right  Reverend 

Peter   Verdaguer,   D.    D. 

Laredo,  Tex. 


Right  Reverend 

Tohn    B.    Brondel,   D.    D. 

Helena,  Mont. 


Right  Reverend 

Thomas   Grace,    D.    D., 

Sacramento,  Cal. 


Right  Reverend 
William    G.    McCloskey, 
Louisville.  Ky. 


D.    I).. 


54 


(C.il).vrislit  by  Brady,  Orange,  N.  J.) 

Right  Reverend 
John  J.   O'Connor,    D.    D,, 

South  Orange,  N.  J. 


(Copyright  IS9!I,  Tlie  Haii^lmi-y  StiKlio.  Pliila.,  Pi 

Right  Reverend 

J.    W.    Shanahan.    D.    D., 

Harrisbvtrg,  Pa. 


(Copyriglit  190.1,  Anderson,  402  Colni 
Right  Reverend 
Chas.    E.    MeDonnell,    D 
Brooklvn.  N.  Y. 


D., 


Right  Reverend 

Henry    Gabriels,    D.    D. 

Ogtlensburgh,  N.  Y. 


Right  Reverend 
John   Brady,    D.    D., 
South  Boston,  Mass. 


Right  Reverend 

Frederick    Eis,    D.    D., 

Marquette,  Mich. 


Right  Reverend 

John  A.    Forest,    D.    D. 

San  Antonio,  Tex. 


Right  Reverend 

James   McGolrick,   D.   D. 

Duluth,  Minn. 


56 


Right  Reverend 

Nicholas   C.    Matz,    D.    D. 

Denver,  Col. 


Right  Reverend 

John   L     Spalding,    D.    D. 

Peoria,  111. 


Right  Reverend 

Thomas   Heslin,    D.   D. 

Natchez,  Miss. 


Right  Reverend 
Denis   O'Donaghue,    D. 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 


57 


Right  Reverend 

Henry   Cosgrove,    D.    D., 

Davenport,  Iowa. 


Right  Reverend 

John    S.    Foley,    D.    D., 

Detroit,  Mich. 


Right  Reverend 
John    W.   Stariha,    D. 
Lead,  S.  Dak, 


D., 


Right  Reverend 

Camillus   P.    Maes,   D.    D. 

Covington,  Ky. 


58 


Right  Reverend 

Edward   O'Dea,   D.    D. 

Vancouver,  Wash. 


Right  Reverend 

John  J,    Hogan,    D.    D. 

Kansa.s  City,  Mo. 


Right  Reverend 
Alexander  J.    McGavick,    D. 
Chicago,  111. 


Right  Reverend 

Wm.  J.    Kenny,  D.    D. 

Jacksonville,  Fla. 


59 


Right  Reverend 

Patrick   A.    Ludden,    D.    D. 

Syracuse,  N.  Y, 


Right  Reverend 

Patrick  J.    Donahue,    D,    D., 

Wheeling,    W.  Va. 


Right  Reverend 

John    E.    Fitz-Maurice,    D.    D. 

Erie,  Pa. 


Right  Reverend 

Henry    Moeller,    D.    D. 

Columbus,  Ohio. 


60 


Right  Reverend 

W.    H.    O'Connell,    D.    D. 

Portland,  Me. 


Right  Reverend 

Thomas  J.    Conaty,   D,    D. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


Right  Reverend 

James  J.    Keane,    D.    D. 

Cheyenne,  Wyo. 


Right  Reverend 

B.  J.    Keiley,   D.    D., 

Savannah,  Ga. 


61 


Right  Reverend 

Herman  J.   Alerding,    D.    D. 

Ft.  Wayne,  Ind. 


Right  Reverend 

Charles   H.    Colton.    D,    D. 

Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


Right  Reverend 

Anthony    Durier,    D.    D. 

Natchitoches,  La. 


Right  Reverend 
J.    O'Reilly,    D.    D. 
Baker  Citv,  Ore. 


62 


Right  Reverend 
John  J.    Monaghan,    D. 
Wilmington,  Del. 


Right  Reverend 

Edward   P.    Allen,   D.    D. 

Mobile,  Ala. 


Right  Reverend 
Edward   FitzGerald,    D. 
Little  Rock,  Ark. 


Right  Reverend 

[ohn  Janssen,    D.    D. 

Belleville,  111. 


63 


Right  Reverend 

James   Trobec,   D     D. 

St.  Cloud,  Minn 


Right  Reverend 
Nicholas  A.    Gallagher.    D. 
Galveston,  Tex. 


Right  Reverend 

^ames   Rvan,   D.  D., 

Alton.  111. 


Right  Reverend 

John  J.    Glennon,    D.    D. 

Kansas  City,  Mo. 


64 


Right  Reverend 
Maurice   F.    Burke,    D. 
St.  Joseph,  Mo. 


Right  Reverend 

Lawrence   Scanlan,    D.    D. 

Salt  Lake  Citv,  Utah. 


(CopyriKlit  by  The  Deckei^Studio,  Clevelaint.) 

Right  Reverend 

Ignatius    F.    Horstmann,    D.    D., 

Cleveland,  Ohio. 


65 


Right  Reverend 

F.    Prendergast.    D. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Right  Reverend 
Sebastian    G.    Messmer,    D. 
Green  Bay,  Wis. 


D., 


Right  Reverend 

Leo    Haid.    o.  s.  b.,    D.  D. 

Belmont,  N.  C. 


mm 

■1 

■■ 

i 

■^ 

^1 

1 

1^ 

^m 

1 

fe   j 

^^M 

ll^j 

fc/ 

^^ 

^Pm 

m[' 

■i 

i^^^Kr 

♦- 

HI 

fk 

Right  Reverend 
J.    O'Reilly.    D.    D. 
Peoria,  111. 


Right  Reverend 

James   A.    McFaul.    D.  D. 

Trenton,  N.  J. 


66 


Right  Reverend 

Matthew   Harkins,    D.    D., 

Providence,  R.  I. 


Right  Reverend 

A.  Van  de  Vyver,  D.    D. 

Richmond,  Va. 


Right  Reverend 

John   Shanlej'     D.    D. 

Fargo,  N.  Dak. 


Right  Reverend 
Theophile   Meerschaert,   D. 
Guthrie,  Okla.  Ter. 


67 


THE 


Sacred  College  of  Cardinals 


TIME  OF  THE  DEATH 


OF    THE 


Holy  Father  Pope  Leo  XIII. 


His  Eminence 
Cardinal  Anthony  J.  Gruscha,  D.  U. 
Vienna,  Austria. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Felix  Cavagnis,  D.  D. 

Rome. 


70 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Andreas  Ferrari,  D.  D. 

Milan,  Italv. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Mariano  BampoUa  del  Tindaro,D.D. 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Francis    M.    B.  Richard,    D.  D. 

Paris,  France. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Alphonsus  Capecelatro,  D.  D. 

Capua,  Italy. 


71 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Anthony  Agliardi,  D,  D., 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Francis  Satolli,  D,  D. 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  George  Kopp,  D.  D. 

Breslau,  Prussia. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Salvator  C.  y  Pages,  D.  D. 

Urgel,  Spain. 


72 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Sebastian  H.  y  Espinosa,  D.  D., 

Valenza,  Spain. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Claudius  Vaszary,  O.S.B.,  D.D. 

Gran,  Hungary. 


His  Eminence 

Joseph  M .  M.  de  Herrerayd  de  la  Igle8ia,D.D. 

Santiago  di  Compostella,  Spain. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Alex.  Sanminiatelli  Zabarella,  D.D. 

Rome. 


73 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Andrew  Aiuti,  D.  D., 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Peter  Hercules  Coullie,  D.  D. 

Lyons,  France. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Dominic  Ferrata,  D.  D., 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Francis  D.  Mathieu,  D.  D. 

Toulouse.  France. 


74 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Francis  Delia  Volpe,  D.  D. 

Rome. 


\  1 

^ 

His  Eminence 
Cardinal  Peter  L.  Goossens 
Mecheln,  Belgium. 

D. 

D., 

;  f 

Ah      % 

^ 

-flHHHHi 

His  Eminence  His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Sebastian  Martinelli,  D.  D.,  Cardinal  John  K.  de  K.  Puzyna,  1).  D. 

Rome.  Cracovia. 


75 


PUS   EMINENCE 

OUR    BELOVED    CARDINAL   GIBBONS, 

BALTIMORE,  MD. 


76 


HIS    EMINENCE 

CARDINAL  JOSEPH  SARTO,    D.    D., 

NOW    GLORIOUSLY   REIGNING    POPE    PIUS   X. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  William    M.  J.  Laboure,  D.  D., 

Rennes,  France. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Serafino  Vannutelli,  D.  D. 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Michael  Logue,  D.  D., 

Armagh,  Ireland. 


His  Eminence 
Cardinal  Humbert  A.  Fischer,  D. 
Cologne,  Germany. 


78 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Cyriacus  M.  S.  y  Hervas,  D.  D. 

Toledo,  Spain. 


His  Eminence 
OardinalJoseph  Sebastian  Netto,O.F.M,,D.D. 

Lisbon,  Spain. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Leo  Skrbenskv,  D.  D. 

Prague. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Francis  Segna,  D.  D. 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Achilles  Manara,  D.  D. 

Ancona,  Italy. 


His  Eminence 
Cardinal  Serafino  Cretoni,  D.  D. 
Rome. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Julius  Boschi,  D.  D. 

Ferrara,    Italy. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Joseph  Vives  y  Tuto,  D.  D. 

Rome. 


80 


His  Eminence 
Cardinal  Casimir  Gennari,  D. 
Rome. 


D., 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Januarius  Portanova,   D.  D. 

Reggio— Calabria.  Italy. 


His  Eminence, 

Cardinal  Benedict  M.  Langenieux,  D.  D. 

Rheinis,  France. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal   Adolphe    L.  A.  Perraud,    D.  D. 

Autun.  France. 


81 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Mario  Mocenni,  D.  D. 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  John  Casali,  D.  D., 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Raphael  Pierotti,  O.  P.,  D,  D., 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 
Cardinal  E.  Taliani,  D, 
Rome. 


82 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Angelo  di  Pietro,  D.  D. 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Jerome   M.  Gotti,   D.  C,  D.  D. 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 
Cardinal  Patrick  Francis   Moran,  D.  D., 
Sidney,  N.  S    W. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Vincent  Vannutelli,  D    D., 

Rome. 


83 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  L.  S.  Lecot,  D.  D. 

Bordeaux,  France. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Louis  Oreglia  di  Santo  Stefano,  D.i). 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Augustinus  Richelmy,  D.  D. 

Turin,  Italv, 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Peter  J.  M.  A.  Celesia,  O.  S.  B.,  D.D. 

Palermo,  Italy. 


84 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Joseph  F-N.  di  Bontife,  D.  D., 

Catania,  Italy. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Peter  Respighi,  D.  D. 

Rome. 


85 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Joseph  Prisco,  D.  D., 

Naples,  Italy. 

^k 

^^PB!^ 

^P^Hl~ 

'  ^ 

B^jl 

w&. 

■JPI0 

^^^^B  "  ^     In 

^^H^HMW*^               ,^^^^Q 

His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Andreas  Steinhuber,  S.  J.,  D.  D. 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 
Cardinal  Louis  Macchi,  D.  D. 
Rome. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Charles  Mocella,  D.  D. 

Rome. 


86 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Bartholomew  Bacilieri,  D.  D. 

Verona,  Italy. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Aloysius  Tripepi,  U.  D. 

Rome. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  Dominic  Svampa.  D.  I). 

Bologna,  Italy. 


His  Eminence 

Cardinal  John  Katschthaler,  D.  D. 

Salisljiirg,  Germany. 


87 


RETURN         CIRCULATION  DEPARTMENT 
TO^-                     198  Main  Stacks 

LOAN  PERIOD  1 
HOME  USE 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

ALL  BOOKS  MAY  BE  RECALLED  AFTER  7  DAYS. 

Renewls  and  Recharges  may  be  made  4  days  prior  to  the  due  date. 

Books  may  be  Renewed  by  calling  642-3405. 

DUE  AS  STAMPED  BELOW 

\M*  '^  ' 

^ 

11  r  BE^ 

KEi^n 

y.  u>  D*""' 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  BERKELEY 
FORM  NO.  DD6                                                   BERKELEY  CA  94720-6000 

U.C.BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


CD^3tD55^fi7 


